Tsetse Bloodmeal Analyses Incriminate the Common Warthog <i>Phacochoerus africanus</i> as an Important Cryptic Host of Animal Trypanosomes in Smallholder Cattle Farming Communities in Shimba Hills, Kenya

Trypanosomes are endemic and retard cattle health in Shimba Hills, Kenya. Wildlife in the area act as reservoirs of the parasites. However, wild animal species that harbor and expose cattle to tsetse-borne trypanosomes are not well known in Shimba Hills. Using xeno-monitoring surveillance to investi...

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Autores principales:	Faith I. Ebhodaghe, Michael N. Okal, Shewit Kalayou, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Daniel K. Masiga
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Trypanosomiasis nagana epidemiology pathogen spill-over reservoir Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/49b29f731d5c412aa482924ef28671bc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:49b29f731d5c412aa482924ef28671bc2021-11-25T18:38:45ZTsetse Bloodmeal Analyses Incriminate the Common Warthog <i>Phacochoerus africanus</i> as an Important Cryptic Host of Animal Trypanosomes in Smallholder Cattle Farming Communities in Shimba Hills, Kenya10.3390/pathogens101115012076-0817https://doaj.org/article/49b29f731d5c412aa482924ef28671bc2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/11/1501https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817Trypanosomes are endemic and retard cattle health in Shimba Hills, Kenya. Wildlife in the area act as reservoirs of the parasites. However, wild animal species that harbor and expose cattle to tsetse-borne trypanosomes are not well known in Shimba Hills. Using xeno-monitoring surveillance to investigate wild animal reservoirs and sources of trypanosomes in Shimba Hills, we screened 696 trypanosome-infected and uninfected tsetse flies for vertebrate DNA using multiple-gene PCR-High Resolution Melting analysis and amplicon sequencing. Results revealed that tsetse flies fed on 13 mammalian species, preferentially <i>Phacochoerus africanus</i> (warthogs) (17.39%, 95% CI: 14.56–20.21) and <i>Bos taurus</i> (cattle) (11.35%, 95% CI: 8.99–13.71). Some tsetse flies showed positive cases of bloodmeals from multiple hosts (3.45%, 95% CI: 2.09–4.81), including warthog and cattle (0.57%, 95% CI: 0.01–1.14). Importantly, tsetse flies that took bloodmeals from warthog had significant risk of infections with <i>Trypanosoma vivax</i> (5.79%, 95% CI: 1.57–10.00), <i>T. congolense</i> (7.44%, 95% CI: 2.70–12.18), and <i>T. brucei sl</i> (2.48%, 95% CI: −0.33–5.29). These findings implicate warthogs as important reservoirs of tsetse-borne trypanosomes affecting cattle in Shimba Hills and provide valuable epidemiological insights to underpin the parasites targeted management in <i>Nagana</i> vector control programs in the area.Faith I. EbhodagheMichael N. OkalShewit KalayouArmanda D. S. BastosDaniel K. MasigaMDPI AGarticleTrypanosomiasisnaganaepidemiologypathogenspill-overreservoirMedicineRENPathogens, Vol 10, Iss 1501, p 1501 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Trypanosomiasis nagana epidemiology pathogen spill-over reservoir Medicine R
spellingShingle	Trypanosomiasis nagana epidemiology pathogen spill-over reservoir Medicine R Faith I. Ebhodaghe Michael N. Okal Shewit Kalayou Armanda D. S. Bastos Daniel K. Masiga Tsetse Bloodmeal Analyses Incriminate the Common Warthog <i>Phacochoerus africanus</i> as an Important Cryptic Host of Animal Trypanosomes in Smallholder Cattle Farming Communities in Shimba Hills, Kenya
description	Trypanosomes are endemic and retard cattle health in Shimba Hills, Kenya. Wildlife in the area act as reservoirs of the parasites. However, wild animal species that harbor and expose cattle to tsetse-borne trypanosomes are not well known in Shimba Hills. Using xeno-monitoring surveillance to investigate wild animal reservoirs and sources of trypanosomes in Shimba Hills, we screened 696 trypanosome-infected and uninfected tsetse flies for vertebrate DNA using multiple-gene PCR-High Resolution Melting analysis and amplicon sequencing. Results revealed that tsetse flies fed on 13 mammalian species, preferentially <i>Phacochoerus africanus</i> (warthogs) (17.39%, 95% CI: 14.56–20.21) and <i>Bos taurus</i> (cattle) (11.35%, 95% CI: 8.99–13.71). Some tsetse flies showed positive cases of bloodmeals from multiple hosts (3.45%, 95% CI: 2.09–4.81), including warthog and cattle (0.57%, 95% CI: 0.01–1.14). Importantly, tsetse flies that took bloodmeals from warthog had significant risk of infections with <i>Trypanosoma vivax</i> (5.79%, 95% CI: 1.57–10.00), <i>T. congolense</i> (7.44%, 95% CI: 2.70–12.18), and <i>T. brucei sl</i> (2.48%, 95% CI: −0.33–5.29). These findings implicate warthogs as important reservoirs of tsetse-borne trypanosomes affecting cattle in Shimba Hills and provide valuable epidemiological insights to underpin the parasites targeted management in <i>Nagana</i> vector control programs in the area.
format	article
author	Faith I. Ebhodaghe Michael N. Okal Shewit Kalayou Armanda D. S. Bastos Daniel K. Masiga
author_facet	Faith I. Ebhodaghe Michael N. Okal Shewit Kalayou Armanda D. S. Bastos Daniel K. Masiga
author_sort	Faith I. Ebhodaghe
title	Tsetse Bloodmeal Analyses Incriminate the Common Warthog <i>Phacochoerus africanus</i> as an Important Cryptic Host of Animal Trypanosomes in Smallholder Cattle Farming Communities in Shimba Hills, Kenya
title_short	Tsetse Bloodmeal Analyses Incriminate the Common Warthog <i>Phacochoerus africanus</i> as an Important Cryptic Host of Animal Trypanosomes in Smallholder Cattle Farming Communities in Shimba Hills, Kenya
title_full	Tsetse Bloodmeal Analyses Incriminate the Common Warthog <i>Phacochoerus africanus</i> as an Important Cryptic Host of Animal Trypanosomes in Smallholder Cattle Farming Communities in Shimba Hills, Kenya
title_fullStr	Tsetse Bloodmeal Analyses Incriminate the Common Warthog <i>Phacochoerus africanus</i> as an Important Cryptic Host of Animal Trypanosomes in Smallholder Cattle Farming Communities in Shimba Hills, Kenya
title_full_unstemmed	Tsetse Bloodmeal Analyses Incriminate the Common Warthog <i>Phacochoerus africanus</i> as an Important Cryptic Host of Animal Trypanosomes in Smallholder Cattle Farming Communities in Shimba Hills, Kenya
title_sort	tsetse bloodmeal analyses incriminate the common warthog <i>phacochoerus africanus</i> as an important cryptic host of animal trypanosomes in smallholder cattle farming communities in shimba hills, kenya
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/49b29f731d5c412aa482924ef28671bc
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Tsetse Bloodmeal Analyses Incriminate the Common Warthog <i>Phacochoerus africanus</i> as an Important Cryptic Host of Animal Trypanosomes in Smallholder Cattle Farming Communities in Shimba Hills, Kenya

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