Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension

The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) impacts cardiovascular homeostasis via direct actions on peripheral blood vessels and via modulation of the autonomic nervous system. To date, research has primarily focused on the actions of the RAAS on the sympathetic nervous system. Here, we review...

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Autores principales:	Julia Shanks, Rohit Ramchandra
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Ang II autonomic nervous system parasympathetic activity cardiac vagal activity Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4a1de1b9f7de4585803b0ad1e80a9b0e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4a1de1b9f7de4585803b0ad1e80a9b0e2021-11-25T17:55:14ZAngiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension10.3390/ijms2222123051422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/4a1de1b9f7de4585803b0ad1e80a9b0e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12305https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) impacts cardiovascular homeostasis via direct actions on peripheral blood vessels and via modulation of the autonomic nervous system. To date, research has primarily focused on the actions of the RAAS on the sympathetic nervous system. Here, we review the critical role of the RAAS on parasympathetic nerve function during normal physiology and its role in cardiovascular disease, focusing on hypertension. Angiotensin (Ang) II receptors are present throughout the parasympathetic nerves and can modulate vagal activity via actions at the level of the nerve endings as well as via the circumventricular organs and as a neuromodulator acting within brain regions. There is tonic inhibition of cardiac vagal tone by endogenous Ang II. We review the actions of Ang II via peripheral nerve endings as well as via central actions on brain regions. We review the evidence that Ang II modulates arterial baroreflex function and examine the pathways via which Ang II can modulate baroreflex control of cardiac vagal drive. Although there is evidence that Ang II can modulate parasympathetic activity and has the potential to contribute to impaired baseline levels and impaired baroreflex control during hypertension, the exact central regions where Ang II acts need further investigation. The beneficial actions of angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertension may be mediated in part via actions on the parasympathetic nervous system. We highlight important unknown questions about the interaction between the RAAS and the parasympathetic nervous system and conclude that this remains an important area where future research is needed.Julia ShanksRohit RamchandraMDPI AGarticleAng IIautonomic nervous systemparasympathetic activitycardiac vagal activityBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12305, p 12305 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Ang II autonomic nervous system parasympathetic activity cardiac vagal activity Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	Ang II autonomic nervous system parasympathetic activity cardiac vagal activity Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Julia Shanks Rohit Ramchandra Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension
description	The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) impacts cardiovascular homeostasis via direct actions on peripheral blood vessels and via modulation of the autonomic nervous system. To date, research has primarily focused on the actions of the RAAS on the sympathetic nervous system. Here, we review the critical role of the RAAS on parasympathetic nerve function during normal physiology and its role in cardiovascular disease, focusing on hypertension. Angiotensin (Ang) II receptors are present throughout the parasympathetic nerves and can modulate vagal activity via actions at the level of the nerve endings as well as via the circumventricular organs and as a neuromodulator acting within brain regions. There is tonic inhibition of cardiac vagal tone by endogenous Ang II. We review the actions of Ang II via peripheral nerve endings as well as via central actions on brain regions. We review the evidence that Ang II modulates arterial baroreflex function and examine the pathways via which Ang II can modulate baroreflex control of cardiac vagal drive. Although there is evidence that Ang II can modulate parasympathetic activity and has the potential to contribute to impaired baseline levels and impaired baroreflex control during hypertension, the exact central regions where Ang II acts need further investigation. The beneficial actions of angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertension may be mediated in part via actions on the parasympathetic nervous system. We highlight important unknown questions about the interaction between the RAAS and the parasympathetic nervous system and conclude that this remains an important area where future research is needed.
format	article
author	Julia Shanks Rohit Ramchandra
author_facet	Julia Shanks Rohit Ramchandra
author_sort	Julia Shanks
title	Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension
title_short	Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension
title_full	Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension
title_fullStr	Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension
title_full_unstemmed	Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension
title_sort	angiotensin ii and the cardiac parasympathetic nervous system in hypertension
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4a1de1b9f7de4585803b0ad1e80a9b0e
work_keys_str_mv	AT juliashanks angiotensiniiandthecardiacparasympatheticnervoussysteminhypertension AT rohitramchandra angiotensiniiandthecardiacparasympatheticnervoussysteminhypertension
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Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension

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