TEM Studies on Antibacterial Mechanisms of Black Phosphorous Nanosheets

Abhijit H Phakatkar,1 Emre Firlar,1– 3 Laura Alzate1,†, Boao Song,2 Surya Narayanan,1 Ramin Rojaee,2 Tara Foroozan,2 Ramasubramonian Deivanayagam,2 David James Banner,1 Reza Shahbazian-Yassar,2 Tolou Shokuhfar1 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Ch...

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Autores principales: Phakatkar AH, Firlar E, Alzate L, Song B, Narayanan S, Rojaee R, Foroozan T, Deivanayagam R, Banner DJ, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Shokuhfar T
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Publicado: Dove Medical Press 2020
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:4a1f238afb274b3585406773d82d1d8b2021-12-02T09:36:54ZTEM Studies on Antibacterial Mechanisms of Black Phosphorous Nanosheets1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/4a1f238afb274b3585406773d82d1d8b2020-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/tem-studies-on-antibacterial-mechanisms-of-black-phosphorous-nanosheet-peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Abhijit H Phakatkar,1 Emre Firlar,1– 3 Laura Alzate1,†, Boao Song,2 Surya Narayanan,1 Ramin Rojaee,2 Tara Foroozan,2 Ramasubramonian Deivanayagam,2 David James Banner,1 Reza Shahbazian-Yassar,2 Tolou Shokuhfar1 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; 2Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; 3Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA†Laura Alzate passed away on October 20, 2019Correspondence: Tolou ShokuhfarDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USATel +1 312 413 9872Email tolou@uic.eduReza Shahbazian-YassarDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60607, USATel +1 312 996 3440Email rsyassar@uic.eduPurpose: Recently, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are gaining tremendous attention as novel antibacterial platforms to combat against continuously evolving antimicrobial resistance levels. Among the family of 2D nanomaterials, black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets have demonstrated promising potential for biomedical applications. However, there is a need to gain nanoscale insights of the antibacterial activity of BP nanosheets which lies at the center of technical challenges.Methods: Ultra-large BP nanosheets were synthesized by liquid-exfoliation method in the eco-friendly deoxygenated water. Synthesized BP nanosheets were characterized by TEM, AFM, and Raman spectroscopy techniques and their chemical stability was evaluated by EDS and EELS elemental analysis. The antibacterial activity of BP nanosheets was evaluated at nanoscale by the ultramicrotome TEM technique. Further, HAADF-STEM image and EDS elemental line map of the damaged bacterium were utilized to analyze the presence of diagnostic ions. Supportive SEM and ATR-FTIR studies were carried out to confirm the bacterial cell wall damage. In vitro colony counting method was utilized to evaluate the antibacterial performance of ultra-large BP nanosheets.Results: Elemental EELS and EDS analysis of BP nanosheets stored in deoxygenated water confirmed the absence of oxygen peak. TEM studies indicate the various events of bacterial cell damage with the lost cellular metabolism and structural integrity. Colony counting test results show that as-synthesized BP nanosheets (100 μg/mL) can kill ∼ 95% bacteria within 12 hours.Conclusion: TEM studies demonstrate the various events of E. coli membrane damage and the loss of structural integrity. These events include the BP nanosheets interaction with the bacterial cell wall, cytoplasmic leakage, detachment of cytoplasm from the cell membrane, reduced density of lipid bilayer and agglomerated DNA structure. The EDS elemental line mapping of the damaged bacterium confirms the disrupted cell membrane permeability and the lost cellular metabolism. SEM micrographs and ATR-FTIR supportive results confirm the bacterial cell wall damage.Keywords: phosphorene, transmission electron microscopy, black phosphorus nanosheet, two-dimensional materials, antibacterialPhakatkar AHFirlar EAlzate LSong BNarayanan SRojaee RForoozan TDeivanayagam RBanner DJShahbazian-Yassar RShokuhfar TDove Medical Pressarticlephosphorenetransmission electron microscopyblack phosphorus nanosheettwo-dimensional materialsantibacterialMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 15, Pp 3071-3085 (2020)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic phosphorene
transmission electron microscopy
black phosphorus nanosheet
two-dimensional materials
antibacterial
Medicine (General)
R5-920
spellingShingle phosphorene
transmission electron microscopy
black phosphorus nanosheet
two-dimensional materials
antibacterial
Medicine (General)
R5-920
Phakatkar AH
Firlar E
Alzate L
Song B
Narayanan S
Rojaee R
Foroozan T
Deivanayagam R
Banner DJ
Shahbazian-Yassar R
Shokuhfar T
TEM Studies on Antibacterial Mechanisms of Black Phosphorous Nanosheets
description Abhijit H Phakatkar,1 Emre Firlar,1– 3 Laura Alzate1,†, Boao Song,2 Surya Narayanan,1 Ramin Rojaee,2 Tara Foroozan,2 Ramasubramonian Deivanayagam,2 David James Banner,1 Reza Shahbazian-Yassar,2 Tolou Shokuhfar1 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; 2Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; 3Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA†Laura Alzate passed away on October 20, 2019Correspondence: Tolou ShokuhfarDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USATel +1 312 413 9872Email tolou@uic.eduReza Shahbazian-YassarDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60607, USATel +1 312 996 3440Email rsyassar@uic.eduPurpose: Recently, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are gaining tremendous attention as novel antibacterial platforms to combat against continuously evolving antimicrobial resistance levels. Among the family of 2D nanomaterials, black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets have demonstrated promising potential for biomedical applications. However, there is a need to gain nanoscale insights of the antibacterial activity of BP nanosheets which lies at the center of technical challenges.Methods: Ultra-large BP nanosheets were synthesized by liquid-exfoliation method in the eco-friendly deoxygenated water. Synthesized BP nanosheets were characterized by TEM, AFM, and Raman spectroscopy techniques and their chemical stability was evaluated by EDS and EELS elemental analysis. The antibacterial activity of BP nanosheets was evaluated at nanoscale by the ultramicrotome TEM technique. Further, HAADF-STEM image and EDS elemental line map of the damaged bacterium were utilized to analyze the presence of diagnostic ions. Supportive SEM and ATR-FTIR studies were carried out to confirm the bacterial cell wall damage. In vitro colony counting method was utilized to evaluate the antibacterial performance of ultra-large BP nanosheets.Results: Elemental EELS and EDS analysis of BP nanosheets stored in deoxygenated water confirmed the absence of oxygen peak. TEM studies indicate the various events of bacterial cell damage with the lost cellular metabolism and structural integrity. Colony counting test results show that as-synthesized BP nanosheets (100 μg/mL) can kill ∼ 95% bacteria within 12 hours.Conclusion: TEM studies demonstrate the various events of E. coli membrane damage and the loss of structural integrity. These events include the BP nanosheets interaction with the bacterial cell wall, cytoplasmic leakage, detachment of cytoplasm from the cell membrane, reduced density of lipid bilayer and agglomerated DNA structure. The EDS elemental line mapping of the damaged bacterium confirms the disrupted cell membrane permeability and the lost cellular metabolism. SEM micrographs and ATR-FTIR supportive results confirm the bacterial cell wall damage.Keywords: phosphorene, transmission electron microscopy, black phosphorus nanosheet, two-dimensional materials, antibacterial
format article
author Phakatkar AH
Firlar E
Alzate L
Song B
Narayanan S
Rojaee R
Foroozan T
Deivanayagam R
Banner DJ
Shahbazian-Yassar R
Shokuhfar T
author_facet Phakatkar AH
Firlar E
Alzate L
Song B
Narayanan S
Rojaee R
Foroozan T
Deivanayagam R
Banner DJ
Shahbazian-Yassar R
Shokuhfar T
author_sort Phakatkar AH
title TEM Studies on Antibacterial Mechanisms of Black Phosphorous Nanosheets
title_short TEM Studies on Antibacterial Mechanisms of Black Phosphorous Nanosheets
title_full TEM Studies on Antibacterial Mechanisms of Black Phosphorous Nanosheets
title_fullStr TEM Studies on Antibacterial Mechanisms of Black Phosphorous Nanosheets
title_full_unstemmed TEM Studies on Antibacterial Mechanisms of Black Phosphorous Nanosheets
title_sort tem studies on antibacterial mechanisms of black phosphorous nanosheets
publisher Dove Medical Press
publishDate 2020
url https://doaj.org/article/4a1f238afb274b3585406773d82d1d8b
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