EFFECT BY INTESTINAL MICROBIOM ON THE PROGRESSION OF VIRAL HEPATITIS

According to the modern concepts an intestinal microbiome has a significant effect on the functioning of the whole body including the immune system, digestive tract and liver in particular. This review displays current understanding of the intestinal microbiome impacting on the progression of chroni...

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Autores principales:	N. N. Polishchuk, A. M. Kamyshny
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	RU
Publicado:	Sankt-Peterburg : NIIÈM imeni Pastera 2017
Materias:	chronic hepatitis liver cirrhosis immune system intestinal microbiome short chain fatty acids bile acids metabolism Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4a817afe3dd04479997a4500eafd7ace
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4a817afe3dd04479997a4500eafd7ace2021-11-22T07:09:48ZEFFECT BY INTESTINAL MICROBIOM ON THE PROGRESSION OF VIRAL HEPATITIS2220-76192313-739810.15789/2220-7619-2016-4-325-334https://doaj.org/article/4a817afe3dd04479997a4500eafd7ace2017-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/444https://doaj.org/toc/2220-7619https://doaj.org/toc/2313-7398According to the modern concepts an intestinal microbiome has a significant effect on the functioning of the whole body including the immune system, digestive tract and liver in particular. This review displays current understanding of the intestinal microbiome impacting on the progression of chronic viral hepatitis caused by HCV- and HBV-infection, as well as changes in bowel microbiocenosis features depending on the duration of chronic process in the liver. It is indicated that chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis progression is accompanied by Bifidobacterium and strains of lactic acid (Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella) number decreasing and overgrowth of opportunistic species such as Enterococcaceae, Veillonellaceae, Enterobactericeae, Candida spp., Clostridia spp. This phenomena caused by PAMPs entry into the bloodstream including various types of toxins playing a role in liver immune inflammation processes progression. Thus patients with HBV and HCV infection are increased the number of CD4+, CD25+ in the blood and liver significantly, FOXP3+ Treg cell providing an immunosuppressive effect, and the function of specific CD8 lymphocytes is reduced and insufficient leveling virus significantly. Microbial imbalance has a negative effect on the biosynthesis of bile acids and sterolbiom functioning of our body as a result of changes in the balance between Bacteroides/Firmicutes, overgrowth of pathogenic and opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae, Alcaligeneaceae and Porphyromonadaceae, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Helicobacter spp. and Clostridium difficile. These toxins formation and various carcinogenic metabolites from these strains leads to the inflammation development in the intestines and as a consequence to the progression of the inflammatory process in the liver. In turn, the reduction in the bacteria number producing short-chain fatty acid contributes to intestinal colonization by pathogenic representatives Gracilicutes (Salmonella, Shigella, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli) and Firmicutes (Clostridia), the toxins having a direct toxic effect on the liver. It is examined a little-studied question about a possible cofactor effect of enteric viruses (rotavirus, adenovirus, poliovirus type 1, Coxsackie virus, ECHO) and bacteria (Shigella, Salmonella, diarrheagenic E. coli, C. jejuni) on the progression of chronic hepatitis. In view of the above, it is necessary to study in further detailed the influence of the intestinal microbiome on the progression of chronic hepatitis HBV/HCV etiology in order to develop a comprehensive approach to treatment and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes in patients.N. N. PolishchukA. M. KamyshnySankt-Peterburg : NIIÈM imeni Pasteraarticlechronic hepatitisliver cirrhosisimmune systemintestinal microbiomeshort chain fatty acidsbile acidsmetabolismInfectious and parasitic diseasesRC109-216RUInfekciâ i Immunitet, Vol 6, Iss 4, Pp 325-334 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	RU
topic	chronic hepatitis liver cirrhosis immune system intestinal microbiome short chain fatty acids bile acids metabolism Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216
spellingShingle	chronic hepatitis liver cirrhosis immune system intestinal microbiome short chain fatty acids bile acids metabolism Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 N. N. Polishchuk A. M. Kamyshny EFFECT BY INTESTINAL MICROBIOM ON THE PROGRESSION OF VIRAL HEPATITIS
description	According to the modern concepts an intestinal microbiome has a significant effect on the functioning of the whole body including the immune system, digestive tract and liver in particular. This review displays current understanding of the intestinal microbiome impacting on the progression of chronic viral hepatitis caused by HCV- and HBV-infection, as well as changes in bowel microbiocenosis features depending on the duration of chronic process in the liver. It is indicated that chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis progression is accompanied by Bifidobacterium and strains of lactic acid (Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella) number decreasing and overgrowth of opportunistic species such as Enterococcaceae, Veillonellaceae, Enterobactericeae, Candida spp., Clostridia spp. This phenomena caused by PAMPs entry into the bloodstream including various types of toxins playing a role in liver immune inflammation processes progression. Thus patients with HBV and HCV infection are increased the number of CD4+, CD25+ in the blood and liver significantly, FOXP3+ Treg cell providing an immunosuppressive effect, and the function of specific CD8 lymphocytes is reduced and insufficient leveling virus significantly. Microbial imbalance has a negative effect on the biosynthesis of bile acids and sterolbiom functioning of our body as a result of changes in the balance between Bacteroides/Firmicutes, overgrowth of pathogenic and opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae, Alcaligeneaceae and Porphyromonadaceae, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Helicobacter spp. and Clostridium difficile. These toxins formation and various carcinogenic metabolites from these strains leads to the inflammation development in the intestines and as a consequence to the progression of the inflammatory process in the liver. In turn, the reduction in the bacteria number producing short-chain fatty acid contributes to intestinal colonization by pathogenic representatives Gracilicutes (Salmonella, Shigella, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli) and Firmicutes (Clostridia), the toxins having a direct toxic effect on the liver. It is examined a little-studied question about a possible cofactor effect of enteric viruses (rotavirus, adenovirus, poliovirus type 1, Coxsackie virus, ECHO) and bacteria (Shigella, Salmonella, diarrheagenic E. coli, C. jejuni) on the progression of chronic hepatitis. In view of the above, it is necessary to study in further detailed the influence of the intestinal microbiome on the progression of chronic hepatitis HBV/HCV etiology in order to develop a comprehensive approach to treatment and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes in patients.
format	article
author	N. N. Polishchuk A. M. Kamyshny
author_facet	N. N. Polishchuk A. M. Kamyshny
author_sort	N. N. Polishchuk
title	EFFECT BY INTESTINAL MICROBIOM ON THE PROGRESSION OF VIRAL HEPATITIS
title_short	EFFECT BY INTESTINAL MICROBIOM ON THE PROGRESSION OF VIRAL HEPATITIS
title_full	EFFECT BY INTESTINAL MICROBIOM ON THE PROGRESSION OF VIRAL HEPATITIS
title_fullStr	EFFECT BY INTESTINAL MICROBIOM ON THE PROGRESSION OF VIRAL HEPATITIS
title_full_unstemmed	EFFECT BY INTESTINAL MICROBIOM ON THE PROGRESSION OF VIRAL HEPATITIS
title_sort	effect by intestinal microbiom on the progression of viral hepatitis
publisher	Sankt-Peterburg : NIIÈM imeni Pastera
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/4a817afe3dd04479997a4500eafd7ace
work_keys_str_mv	AT nnpolishchuk effectbyintestinalmicrobiomontheprogressionofviralhepatitis AT amkamyshny effectbyintestinalmicrobiomontheprogressionofviralhepatitis
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EFFECT BY INTESTINAL MICROBIOM ON THE PROGRESSION OF VIRAL HEPATITIS

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