Psychometric properties of the embodiment scale for the rubber hand illusion and its relation with individual differences

Abstract The Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) opened the investigation of the sense of body ownership in healthy people. By putting in slight contrast vision touch and proprioception, healthy people embody a fake hand in one's body representation. The easiness of the procedure, typically measured wit...

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Autores principales:	Daniele Romano, Angelo Maravita, Marco Perugini
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4a8f47619fcc4c38832e4a431a18e584
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4a8f47619fcc4c38832e4a431a18e5842021-12-02T15:53:58ZPsychometric properties of the embodiment scale for the rubber hand illusion and its relation with individual differences10.1038/s41598-021-84595-x2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/4a8f47619fcc4c38832e4a431a18e5842021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84595-xhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) opened the investigation of the sense of body ownership in healthy people. By putting in slight contrast vision touch and proprioception, healthy people embody a fake hand in one's body representation. The easiness of the procedure, typically measured with a set of questions that capture the subjective experience, favoured its blooming. However, validation studies of embodiment questionnaires are lacking, and the individual differences that contribute to the embodiment received little attention. In our study, 298 participants underwent an RHI procedure following both synchronous and asynchronous (control) visuo-tactile stimulations. The study had multiple aims: (a) to explore the psychometric structure of a 27-items questionnaire largely used in the literature; (b) to build a psychometrically efficient scale to measure embodiment-related phenomena; (c) to explore whether and how individual differences (empathy, self-esteem and mindfulness) are associated with the experience of illusion. We found a relatively simple structure consisting of three components: embodiment of the rubber hand, disembodiment of the biological hand, physical sensations experienced during the procedure. The scales designed were psychometrically reliable and theoretically meaningful, encompassing 18 of the original items. Finally, by adopting a network analysis approach, we found that the embodiment is directly related to empathy and self-esteem, while disembodiment and physical sensation are unrelated to individual personality traits. The study provides substantial evidence to use the embodiment scale as a standard questionnaire for future RHI studies. Additionally, the correlations with personality traits suggest that the embodiment induced by the RHI deeply integrates with the complexity of the individuals and their differences.Daniele RomanoAngelo MaravitaMarco PeruginiNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Daniele Romano Angelo Maravita Marco Perugini Psychometric properties of the embodiment scale for the rubber hand illusion and its relation with individual differences
description	Abstract The Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) opened the investigation of the sense of body ownership in healthy people. By putting in slight contrast vision touch and proprioception, healthy people embody a fake hand in one's body representation. The easiness of the procedure, typically measured with a set of questions that capture the subjective experience, favoured its blooming. However, validation studies of embodiment questionnaires are lacking, and the individual differences that contribute to the embodiment received little attention. In our study, 298 participants underwent an RHI procedure following both synchronous and asynchronous (control) visuo-tactile stimulations. The study had multiple aims: (a) to explore the psychometric structure of a 27-items questionnaire largely used in the literature; (b) to build a psychometrically efficient scale to measure embodiment-related phenomena; (c) to explore whether and how individual differences (empathy, self-esteem and mindfulness) are associated with the experience of illusion. We found a relatively simple structure consisting of three components: embodiment of the rubber hand, disembodiment of the biological hand, physical sensations experienced during the procedure. The scales designed were psychometrically reliable and theoretically meaningful, encompassing 18 of the original items. Finally, by adopting a network analysis approach, we found that the embodiment is directly related to empathy and self-esteem, while disembodiment and physical sensation are unrelated to individual personality traits. The study provides substantial evidence to use the embodiment scale as a standard questionnaire for future RHI studies. Additionally, the correlations with personality traits suggest that the embodiment induced by the RHI deeply integrates with the complexity of the individuals and their differences.
format	article
author	Daniele Romano Angelo Maravita Marco Perugini
author_facet	Daniele Romano Angelo Maravita Marco Perugini
author_sort	Daniele Romano
title	Psychometric properties of the embodiment scale for the rubber hand illusion and its relation with individual differences
title_short	Psychometric properties of the embodiment scale for the rubber hand illusion and its relation with individual differences
title_full	Psychometric properties of the embodiment scale for the rubber hand illusion and its relation with individual differences
title_fullStr	Psychometric properties of the embodiment scale for the rubber hand illusion and its relation with individual differences
title_full_unstemmed	Psychometric properties of the embodiment scale for the rubber hand illusion and its relation with individual differences
title_sort	psychometric properties of the embodiment scale for the rubber hand illusion and its relation with individual differences
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4a8f47619fcc4c38832e4a431a18e584
work_keys_str_mv	AT danieleromano psychometricpropertiesoftheembodimentscalefortherubberhandillusionanditsrelationwithindividualdifferences AT angelomaravita psychometricpropertiesoftheembodimentscalefortherubberhandillusionanditsrelationwithindividualdifferences AT marcoperugini psychometricpropertiesoftheembodimentscalefortherubberhandillusionanditsrelationwithindividualdifferences
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Psychometric properties of the embodiment scale for the rubber hand illusion and its relation with individual differences

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