Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>) Germplasm

Cocoa, <i>Theobroma cacao</i>, is an important tropical perennial crop grown widely in the humid tropics. The exchange of cocoa germplasm between germplasm collections and breeding centres is vital for varietal development. Intermediate quarantine facilities, such as the International Co...

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Autores principales:	Ihsan Ullah, Andrew J. Daymond, Paul Hadley, Michelle J. End, Pathmanathan Umaharan, Jim M. Dunwell
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	badnavirus cocoa LAMP assay Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4b2283d8f14649a2b7c721e7c0abc4fe
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4b2283d8f14649a2b7c721e7c0abc4fe2021-11-25T19:12:50ZIdentification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>) Germplasm10.3390/v131121521999-4915https://doaj.org/article/4b2283d8f14649a2b7c721e7c0abc4fe2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2152https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915Cocoa, <i>Theobroma cacao</i>, is an important tropical perennial crop grown widely in the humid tropics. The exchange of cocoa germplasm between germplasm collections and breeding centres is vital for varietal development. Intermediate quarantine facilities, such as the International Cocoa Quarantine Centre, Reading UK (ICQC-R) play a vital role in ensuring the transfer of germplasm whilst minimising the risk of spreading pests and diseases. Current screening procedures combine visual inspection and molecular techniques, which are effective in detecting Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV), a badnavirus, which causes severe losses but are restricted to West Africa. However, the detection of latent or mild virus infections that produce no visual symptoms has been a challenge. Recently two badnavirus species of cocoa producing mild symptoms, cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV) and cacao yellow vein-banding virus (CYVBV), have been sequenced. Here, we report new assays for the detection of these two species, for the first time in non-symptomatic accessions. Evolutionary and bioinformatic analyses of the viruses suggest their most recent source was from Trinidad, though there is historic evidence that these viruses may have their origin in South America and then become widespread globally over the last century. We also report a novel colorimetric Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of CYVBV. This simple and accurate method could be employed in field virus testing.Ihsan UllahAndrew J. DaymondPaul HadleyMichelle J. EndPathmanathan UmaharanJim M. DunwellMDPI AGarticlebadnaviruscocoaLAMP assayMicrobiologyQR1-502ENViruses, Vol 13, Iss 2152, p 2152 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	badnavirus cocoa LAMP assay Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	badnavirus cocoa LAMP assay Microbiology QR1-502 Ihsan Ullah Andrew J. Daymond Paul Hadley Michelle J. End Pathmanathan Umaharan Jim M. Dunwell Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>) Germplasm
description	Cocoa, <i>Theobroma cacao</i>, is an important tropical perennial crop grown widely in the humid tropics. The exchange of cocoa germplasm between germplasm collections and breeding centres is vital for varietal development. Intermediate quarantine facilities, such as the International Cocoa Quarantine Centre, Reading UK (ICQC-R) play a vital role in ensuring the transfer of germplasm whilst minimising the risk of spreading pests and diseases. Current screening procedures combine visual inspection and molecular techniques, which are effective in detecting Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV), a badnavirus, which causes severe losses but are restricted to West Africa. However, the detection of latent or mild virus infections that produce no visual symptoms has been a challenge. Recently two badnavirus species of cocoa producing mild symptoms, cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV) and cacao yellow vein-banding virus (CYVBV), have been sequenced. Here, we report new assays for the detection of these two species, for the first time in non-symptomatic accessions. Evolutionary and bioinformatic analyses of the viruses suggest their most recent source was from Trinidad, though there is historic evidence that these viruses may have their origin in South America and then become widespread globally over the last century. We also report a novel colorimetric Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of CYVBV. This simple and accurate method could be employed in field virus testing.
format	article
author	Ihsan Ullah Andrew J. Daymond Paul Hadley Michelle J. End Pathmanathan Umaharan Jim M. Dunwell
author_facet	Ihsan Ullah Andrew J. Daymond Paul Hadley Michelle J. End Pathmanathan Umaharan Jim M. Dunwell
author_sort	Ihsan Ullah
title	Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>) Germplasm
title_short	Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>) Germplasm
title_full	Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>) Germplasm
title_fullStr	Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>) Germplasm
title_full_unstemmed	Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>) Germplasm
title_sort	identification of cacao mild mosaic virus (cammv) and cacao yellow vein-banding virus (cyvbv) in cocoa (<i>theobroma cacao</i>) germplasm
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4b2283d8f14649a2b7c721e7c0abc4fe
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Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>) Germplasm

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