Advances in the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease that represents one of the most common ophthalmologic conditions encountered in everyday clinical practice. Traditional diagnostic tests for DED, such as subjective questionnaires, tear film break-up time and the Schirmer test, are often associated w...
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MDPI AG
2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:4b3c8bb3c8d744d1b010c88a897d851a2021-11-11T15:23:55ZAdvances in the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease10.3390/app1121103842076-3417https://doaj.org/article/4b3c8bb3c8d744d1b010c88a897d851a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/21/10384https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease that represents one of the most common ophthalmologic conditions encountered in everyday clinical practice. Traditional diagnostic tests for DED, such as subjective questionnaires, tear film break-up time and the Schirmer test, are often associated with poor reproducibility and reliability, which make the diagnosis, follow-up, and management of the disease challenging. New advances in imaging technologies enable objective and reproducible measurements of DED parameters, thus making the diagnosis a multimodal imaging-based process. The aim of this review is to summarize all the current and emerging diagnostic tools available for the diagnosis and monitoring of DED, such as non-invasive tear breakup time, thermography, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, meibography, interferometry, in vivo confocal microscopy, and optical quality assessment. Although there is not a gold standard imaging technique, new multi-imaging-integrated devices are precious instruments to help clinicians to better cope with the diagnostic complexity of DED.Luca Di CelloMarco PellegriniAldo VaggeMassimiliano BorselliLorenzo Ferro DesideriVincenzo ScorciaCarlo E. TraversoGiuseppe GiannaccareMDPI AGarticledry eyediagnosisnoninvasive diagnosisadvanced imagingNIBUTTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10384, p 10384 (2021) |
| institution |
DOAJ |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
EN |
| topic |
dry eye diagnosis noninvasive diagnosis advanced imaging NIBUT Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 |
| spellingShingle |
dry eye diagnosis noninvasive diagnosis advanced imaging NIBUT Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Luca Di Cello Marco Pellegrini Aldo Vagge Massimiliano Borselli Lorenzo Ferro Desideri Vincenzo Scorcia Carlo E. Traverso Giuseppe Giannaccare Advances in the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease |
| description |
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease that represents one of the most common ophthalmologic conditions encountered in everyday clinical practice. Traditional diagnostic tests for DED, such as subjective questionnaires, tear film break-up time and the Schirmer test, are often associated with poor reproducibility and reliability, which make the diagnosis, follow-up, and management of the disease challenging. New advances in imaging technologies enable objective and reproducible measurements of DED parameters, thus making the diagnosis a multimodal imaging-based process. The aim of this review is to summarize all the current and emerging diagnostic tools available for the diagnosis and monitoring of DED, such as non-invasive tear breakup time, thermography, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, meibography, interferometry, in vivo confocal microscopy, and optical quality assessment. Although there is not a gold standard imaging technique, new multi-imaging-integrated devices are precious instruments to help clinicians to better cope with the diagnostic complexity of DED. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Luca Di Cello Marco Pellegrini Aldo Vagge Massimiliano Borselli Lorenzo Ferro Desideri Vincenzo Scorcia Carlo E. Traverso Giuseppe Giannaccare |
| author_facet |
Luca Di Cello Marco Pellegrini Aldo Vagge Massimiliano Borselli Lorenzo Ferro Desideri Vincenzo Scorcia Carlo E. Traverso Giuseppe Giannaccare |
| author_sort |
Luca Di Cello |
| title |
Advances in the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease |
| title_short |
Advances in the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease |
| title_full |
Advances in the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease |
| title_fullStr |
Advances in the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Advances in the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease |
| title_sort |
advances in the noninvasive diagnosis of dry eye disease |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/4b3c8bb3c8d744d1b010c88a897d851a |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT lucadicello advancesinthenoninvasivediagnosisofdryeyedisease AT marcopellegrini advancesinthenoninvasivediagnosisofdryeyedisease AT aldovagge advancesinthenoninvasivediagnosisofdryeyedisease AT massimilianoborselli advancesinthenoninvasivediagnosisofdryeyedisease AT lorenzoferrodesideri advancesinthenoninvasivediagnosisofdryeyedisease AT vincenzoscorcia advancesinthenoninvasivediagnosisofdryeyedisease AT carloetraverso advancesinthenoninvasivediagnosisofdryeyedisease AT giuseppegiannaccare advancesinthenoninvasivediagnosisofdryeyedisease |
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