fMRI guided rTMS evidence for reduced left prefrontal involvement after task practice.

<h4>Introduction</h4>Cognitive tasks that do not change the required response for a stimulus over time ('consistent mapping') show dramatically improved performance after relative short periods of practice. This improvement is associated with reduced brain activity in a large n...

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Autores principales:	Johan Martijn Jansma, Tamar R van Raalten, Ruud Boessen, Sebastiaan F W Neggers, Richard H A H Jacobs, René S Kahn, Nick F Ramsey
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4ba1139aaa7a453297532c5ffad85d49
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4ba1139aaa7a453297532c5ffad85d492021-11-18T08:41:04ZfMRI guided rTMS evidence for reduced left prefrontal involvement after task practice.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0080256https://doaj.org/article/4ba1139aaa7a453297532c5ffad85d492013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24376494/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Introduction</h4>Cognitive tasks that do not change the required response for a stimulus over time ('consistent mapping') show dramatically improved performance after relative short periods of practice. This improvement is associated with reduced brain activity in a large network of brain regions, including left prefrontal and parietal cortex. The present study used fMRI-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), which has been shown to reduce processing efficacy, to examine if the reduced activity in these regions also reflects reduced involvement, or possibly increased efficiency.<h4>Methods</h4>First, subjects performed runs of a Sternberg task in the scanner with novel or practiced target-sets. This data was used to identify individual sites for left prefrontal and parietal peak brain activity, as well as to examine the change in activity related to practice. Outside of the scanner, real and sham rTMS was applied at left prefrontal and parietal cortex to examine their involvement novel and practiced conditions.<h4>Results</h4>Prefrontal as well as parietal rTMS significantly reduced target accuracy for novel targets. Prefrontal, but not parietal, rTMS interference was significantly lower for practiced than novel target-sets. rTMS did not affect non-target accuracy, or reaction time in any condition.<h4>Discussion</h4>These results show that task practice in a consistent environment reduces involvement of the prefrontal cortex. Our findings suggest that prefrontal cortex is predominantly involved in target maintenance and comparison, as rTMS interference was only detectable for targets. Findings support process switching hypotheses that propose that practice creates the possibility to select a response without the need to compare with target items. Our results also support the notion that practice allows for redistribution of limited maintenance resources.Johan Martijn JansmaTamar R van RaaltenRuud BoessenSebastiaan F W NeggersRichard H A H JacobsRené S KahnNick F RamseyPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 12, p e80256 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Johan Martijn Jansma Tamar R van Raalten Ruud Boessen Sebastiaan F W Neggers Richard H A H Jacobs René S Kahn Nick F Ramsey fMRI guided rTMS evidence for reduced left prefrontal involvement after task practice.
description	<h4>Introduction</h4>Cognitive tasks that do not change the required response for a stimulus over time ('consistent mapping') show dramatically improved performance after relative short periods of practice. This improvement is associated with reduced brain activity in a large network of brain regions, including left prefrontal and parietal cortex. The present study used fMRI-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), which has been shown to reduce processing efficacy, to examine if the reduced activity in these regions also reflects reduced involvement, or possibly increased efficiency.<h4>Methods</h4>First, subjects performed runs of a Sternberg task in the scanner with novel or practiced target-sets. This data was used to identify individual sites for left prefrontal and parietal peak brain activity, as well as to examine the change in activity related to practice. Outside of the scanner, real and sham rTMS was applied at left prefrontal and parietal cortex to examine their involvement novel and practiced conditions.<h4>Results</h4>Prefrontal as well as parietal rTMS significantly reduced target accuracy for novel targets. Prefrontal, but not parietal, rTMS interference was significantly lower for practiced than novel target-sets. rTMS did not affect non-target accuracy, or reaction time in any condition.<h4>Discussion</h4>These results show that task practice in a consistent environment reduces involvement of the prefrontal cortex. Our findings suggest that prefrontal cortex is predominantly involved in target maintenance and comparison, as rTMS interference was only detectable for targets. Findings support process switching hypotheses that propose that practice creates the possibility to select a response without the need to compare with target items. Our results also support the notion that practice allows for redistribution of limited maintenance resources.
format	article
author	Johan Martijn Jansma Tamar R van Raalten Ruud Boessen Sebastiaan F W Neggers Richard H A H Jacobs René S Kahn Nick F Ramsey
author_facet	Johan Martijn Jansma Tamar R van Raalten Ruud Boessen Sebastiaan F W Neggers Richard H A H Jacobs René S Kahn Nick F Ramsey
author_sort	Johan Martijn Jansma
title	fMRI guided rTMS evidence for reduced left prefrontal involvement after task practice.
title_short	fMRI guided rTMS evidence for reduced left prefrontal involvement after task practice.
title_full	fMRI guided rTMS evidence for reduced left prefrontal involvement after task practice.
title_fullStr	fMRI guided rTMS evidence for reduced left prefrontal involvement after task practice.
title_full_unstemmed	fMRI guided rTMS evidence for reduced left prefrontal involvement after task practice.
title_sort	fmri guided rtms evidence for reduced left prefrontal involvement after task practice.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/4ba1139aaa7a453297532c5ffad85d49
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fMRI guided rTMS evidence for reduced left prefrontal involvement after task practice.

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