Dietary Xanthan Gum Alters Antibiotic Efficacy against the Murine Gut Microbiota and Attenuates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides difficile</italic> Colonization

ABSTRACT Dietary fiber provides a variety of microbiota-mediated benefits ranging from anti-inflammatory metabolites to pathogen colonization resistance. A healthy gut microbiota protects against Clostridioides difficile colonization. Manipulation of these microbes through diet may increase coloniza...

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Autores principales:	Matthew K. Schnizlein, Kimberly C. Vendrov, Summer J. Edwards, Eric C. Martens, Vincent B. Young
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2020
Materias:	Clostridioides difficile dietary fiber microbial ecology xanthan gum Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4baa8118e24a49ef8b344ce1e6511099
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4baa8118e24a49ef8b344ce1e65110992021-11-15T15:27:53ZDietary Xanthan Gum Alters Antibiotic Efficacy against the Murine Gut Microbiota and Attenuates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides difficile</italic> Colonization10.1128/mSphere.00708-192379-5042https://doaj.org/article/4baa8118e24a49ef8b344ce1e65110992020-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00708-19https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT Dietary fiber provides a variety of microbiota-mediated benefits ranging from anti-inflammatory metabolites to pathogen colonization resistance. A healthy gut microbiota protects against Clostridioides difficile colonization. Manipulation of these microbes through diet may increase colonization resistance to improve clinical outcomes. The primary objective of this study was to identify how the dietary fiber xanthan gum affects the microbiota and C. difficile colonization. We added 5% xanthan gum to the diet of C57BL/6 mice and examined its effect on the microbiota through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and short-chain fatty acid analysis. Following either cefoperazone or an antibiotic cocktail administration, we challenged mice with C. difficile and measured colonization by monitoring the CFU. Xanthan gum administration is associated with increases in fiber-degrading taxa and short-chain fatty acid concentrations. However, by maintaining both the diversity and absolute abundance of the microbiota during antibiotic treatment, the protective effects of xanthan gum administration on the microbiota were more prominent than the enrichment of these fiber-degrading taxa. As a result, mice that were on the xanthan gum diet experienced limited to no C. difficile colonization. Xanthan gum administration alters mouse susceptibility to C. difficile colonization by maintaining the microbiota during antibiotic treatment. While antibiotic-xanthan gum interactions are not well understood, xanthan gum has previously been used to bind drugs and alter their pharmacokinetics. Thus, xanthan gum may alter the activity of the oral antibiotics used to make the microbiota susceptible. Future research should further characterize how this and other common dietary fibers interact with drugs. IMPORTANCE A healthy gut bacterial community benefits the host by breaking down dietary nutrients and protecting against pathogens. Clostridioides difficile capitalizes on the absence of this community to cause diarrhea and inflammation. Thus, a major clinical goal is to find ways to increase resistance to C. difficile colonization by either supplementing with bacteria that promote resistance or a diet to enrich for those already present in the gut. In this study, we describe an interaction between xanthan gum, a human dietary additive, and the microbiota resulting in an altered gut environment that is protective against C. difficile colonization.Matthew K. SchnizleinKimberly C. VendrovSummer J. EdwardsEric C. MartensVincent B. YoungAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleClostridioides difficiledietary fibermicrobial ecologyxanthan gumMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 5, Iss 1 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Clostridioides difficile dietary fiber microbial ecology xanthan gum Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Clostridioides difficile dietary fiber microbial ecology xanthan gum Microbiology QR1-502 Matthew K. Schnizlein Kimberly C. Vendrov Summer J. Edwards Eric C. Martens Vincent B. Young Dietary Xanthan Gum Alters Antibiotic Efficacy against the Murine Gut Microbiota and Attenuates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides difficile</italic> Colonization
description	ABSTRACT Dietary fiber provides a variety of microbiota-mediated benefits ranging from anti-inflammatory metabolites to pathogen colonization resistance. A healthy gut microbiota protects against Clostridioides difficile colonization. Manipulation of these microbes through diet may increase colonization resistance to improve clinical outcomes. The primary objective of this study was to identify how the dietary fiber xanthan gum affects the microbiota and C. difficile colonization. We added 5% xanthan gum to the diet of C57BL/6 mice and examined its effect on the microbiota through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and short-chain fatty acid analysis. Following either cefoperazone or an antibiotic cocktail administration, we challenged mice with C. difficile and measured colonization by monitoring the CFU. Xanthan gum administration is associated with increases in fiber-degrading taxa and short-chain fatty acid concentrations. However, by maintaining both the diversity and absolute abundance of the microbiota during antibiotic treatment, the protective effects of xanthan gum administration on the microbiota were more prominent than the enrichment of these fiber-degrading taxa. As a result, mice that were on the xanthan gum diet experienced limited to no C. difficile colonization. Xanthan gum administration alters mouse susceptibility to C. difficile colonization by maintaining the microbiota during antibiotic treatment. While antibiotic-xanthan gum interactions are not well understood, xanthan gum has previously been used to bind drugs and alter their pharmacokinetics. Thus, xanthan gum may alter the activity of the oral antibiotics used to make the microbiota susceptible. Future research should further characterize how this and other common dietary fibers interact with drugs. IMPORTANCE A healthy gut bacterial community benefits the host by breaking down dietary nutrients and protecting against pathogens. Clostridioides difficile capitalizes on the absence of this community to cause diarrhea and inflammation. Thus, a major clinical goal is to find ways to increase resistance to C. difficile colonization by either supplementing with bacteria that promote resistance or a diet to enrich for those already present in the gut. In this study, we describe an interaction between xanthan gum, a human dietary additive, and the microbiota resulting in an altered gut environment that is protective against C. difficile colonization.
format	article
author	Matthew K. Schnizlein Kimberly C. Vendrov Summer J. Edwards Eric C. Martens Vincent B. Young
author_facet	Matthew K. Schnizlein Kimberly C. Vendrov Summer J. Edwards Eric C. Martens Vincent B. Young
author_sort	Matthew K. Schnizlein
title	Dietary Xanthan Gum Alters Antibiotic Efficacy against the Murine Gut Microbiota and Attenuates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides difficile</italic> Colonization
title_short	Dietary Xanthan Gum Alters Antibiotic Efficacy against the Murine Gut Microbiota and Attenuates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides difficile</italic> Colonization
title_full	Dietary Xanthan Gum Alters Antibiotic Efficacy against the Murine Gut Microbiota and Attenuates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides difficile</italic> Colonization
title_fullStr	Dietary Xanthan Gum Alters Antibiotic Efficacy against the Murine Gut Microbiota and Attenuates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides difficile</italic> Colonization
title_full_unstemmed	Dietary Xanthan Gum Alters Antibiotic Efficacy against the Murine Gut Microbiota and Attenuates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides difficile</italic> Colonization
title_sort	dietary xanthan gum alters antibiotic efficacy against the murine gut microbiota and attenuates <italic toggle="yes">clostridioides difficile</italic> colonization
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/4baa8118e24a49ef8b344ce1e6511099
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Dietary Xanthan Gum Alters Antibiotic Efficacy against the Murine Gut Microbiota and Attenuates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides difficile</italic> Colonization

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