Large Vessel Activity and Low-Frequency Underwater Sound Benchmarks in United States Waters

Chronic low-frequency noise from commercial shipping is a worldwide threat to marine animals that rely on sound for essential life functions. Although the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recognizes the potential negative impacts of shipping noise in marine environments, there ar...

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Autores principales:	Samara M. Haver, Jeffrey D. Adams, Leila T. Hatch, Sofie M. Van Parijs, Robert P. Dziak, Joseph Haxel, Scott A. Heppell, Megan F. McKenna, David K. Mellinger, Jason Gedamke
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	passive acoustic monitoring anthropogenic noise soundscape automatic information systems biologically important areas Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4bbae5ffe2944faa98cce3f6556b5024
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4bbae5ffe2944faa98cce3f6556b50242021-11-17T04:35:58ZLarge Vessel Activity and Low-Frequency Underwater Sound Benchmarks in United States Waters2296-774510.3389/fmars.2021.669528https://doaj.org/article/4bbae5ffe2944faa98cce3f6556b50242021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.669528/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745Chronic low-frequency noise from commercial shipping is a worldwide threat to marine animals that rely on sound for essential life functions. Although the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recognizes the potential negative impacts of shipping noise in marine environments, there are currently no standard metrics to monitor and quantify shipping noise in U.S. marine waters. However, one-third octave band acoustic measurements centered at 63 and 125 Hz are used as international (European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive) indicators for underwater ambient noise levels driven by shipping activity. We apply these metrics to passive acoustic monitoring data collected over 20 months in 2016–2017 at five dispersed sites throughout the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone: Alaskan Arctic, Hawaii, Gulf of Mexico, Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument (Northwest Atlantic), and Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary (Northeast Pacific). To verify the relationship between shipping activity and underwater sound levels, vessel movement data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) were paired to each passive acoustic monitoring site. Daily average sound levels were consistently near to or higher than 100 dB re 1 μPa in both the 63 and 125 Hz one-third octave bands at sites with high levels of shipping traffic (Gulf of Mexico, Northeast Canyons and Seamounts, and Cordell Bank). Where cargo vessels were less common (the Arctic and Hawaii), daily average sound levels were comparatively lower. Specifically, sound levels were ∼20 dB lower year-round in Hawaii and ∼10-20 dB lower in the Alaskan Arctic, depending on the season. Although these band-level measurements can only generally facilitate differentiation of sound sources, these results demonstrate that international acoustic indicators of commercial shipping can be applied to data collected in U.S. waters as a unified metric to approximate the influence of shipping as a driver of ambient noise levels, provide critical information to managers and policy makers about the status of marine environments, and to identify places and times for more detailed investigation regarding environmental impacts.Samara M. HaverSamara M. HaverJeffrey D. AdamsLeila T. HatchSofie M. Van ParijsRobert P. DziakJoseph HaxelScott A. HeppellMegan F. McKennaDavid K. MellingerJason GedamkeFrontiers Media S.A.articlepassive acoustic monitoringanthropogenic noisesoundscapeautomatic information systemsbiologically important areasScienceQGeneral. Including nature conservation, geographical distributionQH1-199.5ENFrontiers in Marine Science, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	passive acoustic monitoring anthropogenic noise soundscape automatic information systems biologically important areas Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
spellingShingle	passive acoustic monitoring anthropogenic noise soundscape automatic information systems biologically important areas Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Samara M. Haver Samara M. Haver Jeffrey D. Adams Leila T. Hatch Sofie M. Van Parijs Robert P. Dziak Joseph Haxel Scott A. Heppell Megan F. McKenna David K. Mellinger Jason Gedamke Large Vessel Activity and Low-Frequency Underwater Sound Benchmarks in United States Waters
description	Chronic low-frequency noise from commercial shipping is a worldwide threat to marine animals that rely on sound for essential life functions. Although the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recognizes the potential negative impacts of shipping noise in marine environments, there are currently no standard metrics to monitor and quantify shipping noise in U.S. marine waters. However, one-third octave band acoustic measurements centered at 63 and 125 Hz are used as international (European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive) indicators for underwater ambient noise levels driven by shipping activity. We apply these metrics to passive acoustic monitoring data collected over 20 months in 2016–2017 at five dispersed sites throughout the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone: Alaskan Arctic, Hawaii, Gulf of Mexico, Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument (Northwest Atlantic), and Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary (Northeast Pacific). To verify the relationship between shipping activity and underwater sound levels, vessel movement data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) were paired to each passive acoustic monitoring site. Daily average sound levels were consistently near to or higher than 100 dB re 1 μPa in both the 63 and 125 Hz one-third octave bands at sites with high levels of shipping traffic (Gulf of Mexico, Northeast Canyons and Seamounts, and Cordell Bank). Where cargo vessels were less common (the Arctic and Hawaii), daily average sound levels were comparatively lower. Specifically, sound levels were ∼20 dB lower year-round in Hawaii and ∼10-20 dB lower in the Alaskan Arctic, depending on the season. Although these band-level measurements can only generally facilitate differentiation of sound sources, these results demonstrate that international acoustic indicators of commercial shipping can be applied to data collected in U.S. waters as a unified metric to approximate the influence of shipping as a driver of ambient noise levels, provide critical information to managers and policy makers about the status of marine environments, and to identify places and times for more detailed investigation regarding environmental impacts.
format	article
author	Samara M. Haver Samara M. Haver Jeffrey D. Adams Leila T. Hatch Sofie M. Van Parijs Robert P. Dziak Joseph Haxel Scott A. Heppell Megan F. McKenna David K. Mellinger Jason Gedamke
author_facet	Samara M. Haver Samara M. Haver Jeffrey D. Adams Leila T. Hatch Sofie M. Van Parijs Robert P. Dziak Joseph Haxel Scott A. Heppell Megan F. McKenna David K. Mellinger Jason Gedamke
author_sort	Samara M. Haver
title	Large Vessel Activity and Low-Frequency Underwater Sound Benchmarks in United States Waters
title_short	Large Vessel Activity and Low-Frequency Underwater Sound Benchmarks in United States Waters
title_full	Large Vessel Activity and Low-Frequency Underwater Sound Benchmarks in United States Waters
title_fullStr	Large Vessel Activity and Low-Frequency Underwater Sound Benchmarks in United States Waters
title_full_unstemmed	Large Vessel Activity and Low-Frequency Underwater Sound Benchmarks in United States Waters
title_sort	large vessel activity and low-frequency underwater sound benchmarks in united states waters
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4bbae5ffe2944faa98cce3f6556b5024
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Large Vessel Activity and Low-Frequency Underwater Sound Benchmarks in United States Waters

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