Study on the Positioning Accuracy of GNSS/INS Systems Supported by DGPS and RTK Receivers for Hydrographic Surveys

Hydrographic surveys, in accordance with the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) S-44 standard, can be carried out in the following five orders: Exclusive, Special, 1a, 1b and 2, for which minimum accuracy requirements for the applied positioning system have been set out. They are as follo...

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Autores principales:	Andrzej Stateczny, Cezary Specht, Mariusz Specht, David Brčić, Alen Jugović, Szymon Widźgowski, Marta Wiśniewska, Oktawia Lewicka
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	positioning accuracy positioning availability Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Inertial Navigation System (INS) Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Technology T
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4c2e4bdd04524a74b75c6078c59c014d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4c2e4bdd04524a74b75c6078c59c014d2021-11-11T16:07:46ZStudy on the Positioning Accuracy of GNSS/INS Systems Supported by DGPS and RTK Receivers for Hydrographic Surveys10.3390/en142174131996-1073https://doaj.org/article/4c2e4bdd04524a74b75c6078c59c014d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/21/7413https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073Hydrographic surveys, in accordance with the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) S-44 standard, can be carried out in the following five orders: Exclusive, Special, 1a, 1b and 2, for which minimum accuracy requirements for the applied positioning system have been set out. They are as follows, respectively: 1, 2, 5, 5 and 20 m, with a confidence level of 95% in two-dimensional space. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) network solutions (accuracy: 2–3 cm (<i>p</i> = 0.95)) and the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) (accuracy: 1–2 m (<i>p</i> = 0.95)) are now commonly used positioning methods in hydrography. Due to the fact that a new order of hydrographic surveys has appeared in the IHO S-44 standard from 2020—Exclusive, looking at the current positioning accuracy of the DGPS system, it is not known whether it can be used in it. The aim of this article is to determine the usefulness of GNSS/Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) for hydrographic surveys. During the research, the following two INSs were used: Ekinox2-U and Ellipse-D by the SBG Systems, which were supported by DGPS and Real Time Kinematic (RTK) receivers. GNSS/INS measurements were carried out during the manoeuvring of the Autonomous/Unmanned Surface Vehicle (ASV/USV) named “HydroDron” on Kłodno lake in Zawory. The acquired data were processed using the mathematical model that allows us to assess whether any positioning system at a given point in time meets (or not) the accuracy requirements for each IHO order. The model was verified taking into account the historical and current test results of the DGPS and RTK systems. Tests have confirmed that the RTK system meets the requirements of all the IHO orders, even in situations where it is not functioning 100% properly. Moreover, it was proven that the DGPS system does not only meet the requirements provided for the most stringent IHO order, i.e., the Exclusive Order (horizontal position error ≤ 1 m (<i>p</i> = 0.95)). Statistical analyses showed that it was only a few centimetres away from meeting this criterion. Therefore, it can be expected that soon it will be used in all the IHO orders.Andrzej StatecznyCezary SpechtMariusz SpechtDavid BrčićAlen JugovićSzymon WidźgowskiMarta WiśniewskaOktawia LewickaMDPI AGarticlepositioning accuracypositioning availabilityGlobal Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)Inertial Navigation System (INS)Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS)Real Time Kinematic (RTK)TechnologyTENEnergies, Vol 14, Iss 7413, p 7413 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	positioning accuracy positioning availability Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Inertial Navigation System (INS) Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Technology T
spellingShingle	positioning accuracy positioning availability Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Inertial Navigation System (INS) Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Technology T Andrzej Stateczny Cezary Specht Mariusz Specht David Brčić Alen Jugović Szymon Widźgowski Marta Wiśniewska Oktawia Lewicka Study on the Positioning Accuracy of GNSS/INS Systems Supported by DGPS and RTK Receivers for Hydrographic Surveys
description	Hydrographic surveys, in accordance with the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) S-44 standard, can be carried out in the following five orders: Exclusive, Special, 1a, 1b and 2, for which minimum accuracy requirements for the applied positioning system have been set out. They are as follows, respectively: 1, 2, 5, 5 and 20 m, with a confidence level of 95% in two-dimensional space. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) network solutions (accuracy: 2–3 cm (<i>p</i> = 0.95)) and the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) (accuracy: 1–2 m (<i>p</i> = 0.95)) are now commonly used positioning methods in hydrography. Due to the fact that a new order of hydrographic surveys has appeared in the IHO S-44 standard from 2020—Exclusive, looking at the current positioning accuracy of the DGPS system, it is not known whether it can be used in it. The aim of this article is to determine the usefulness of GNSS/Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) for hydrographic surveys. During the research, the following two INSs were used: Ekinox2-U and Ellipse-D by the SBG Systems, which were supported by DGPS and Real Time Kinematic (RTK) receivers. GNSS/INS measurements were carried out during the manoeuvring of the Autonomous/Unmanned Surface Vehicle (ASV/USV) named “HydroDron” on Kłodno lake in Zawory. The acquired data were processed using the mathematical model that allows us to assess whether any positioning system at a given point in time meets (or not) the accuracy requirements for each IHO order. The model was verified taking into account the historical and current test results of the DGPS and RTK systems. Tests have confirmed that the RTK system meets the requirements of all the IHO orders, even in situations where it is not functioning 100% properly. Moreover, it was proven that the DGPS system does not only meet the requirements provided for the most stringent IHO order, i.e., the Exclusive Order (horizontal position error ≤ 1 m (<i>p</i> = 0.95)). Statistical analyses showed that it was only a few centimetres away from meeting this criterion. Therefore, it can be expected that soon it will be used in all the IHO orders.
format	article
author	Andrzej Stateczny Cezary Specht Mariusz Specht David Brčić Alen Jugović Szymon Widźgowski Marta Wiśniewska Oktawia Lewicka
author_facet	Andrzej Stateczny Cezary Specht Mariusz Specht David Brčić Alen Jugović Szymon Widźgowski Marta Wiśniewska Oktawia Lewicka
author_sort	Andrzej Stateczny
title	Study on the Positioning Accuracy of GNSS/INS Systems Supported by DGPS and RTK Receivers for Hydrographic Surveys
title_short	Study on the Positioning Accuracy of GNSS/INS Systems Supported by DGPS and RTK Receivers for Hydrographic Surveys
title_full	Study on the Positioning Accuracy of GNSS/INS Systems Supported by DGPS and RTK Receivers for Hydrographic Surveys
title_fullStr	Study on the Positioning Accuracy of GNSS/INS Systems Supported by DGPS and RTK Receivers for Hydrographic Surveys
title_full_unstemmed	Study on the Positioning Accuracy of GNSS/INS Systems Supported by DGPS and RTK Receivers for Hydrographic Surveys
title_sort	study on the positioning accuracy of gnss/ins systems supported by dgps and rtk receivers for hydrographic surveys
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4c2e4bdd04524a74b75c6078c59c014d
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Study on the Positioning Accuracy of GNSS/INS Systems Supported by DGPS and RTK Receivers for Hydrographic Surveys

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