Optimised Selection of Water Supply and Irrigation Sources—A Case Study on Surface and Underground Water, Desalination, and Wastewater Reuse in a Sahelian Coastal Arid Region

This paper presents a general conceptual procedure and an economic, sustainable, resilient, and integrated solution for the water supply and landscape irrigation of a large touristic complex projected in an arid to semi-arid southwest coastal region of the island of Santiago in Cape Verde, in the We...

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Autores principales:	António Freire Diogo, Ricardo Alves Resende, António Luís Oliveira
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	water resources Santiago Island Cape Verde surface and underground water desalination wastewater treatment and reuse Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4c40023cb27248659685824edea54952
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4c40023cb27248659685824edea549522021-11-25T19:03:39ZOptimised Selection of Water Supply and Irrigation Sources—A Case Study on Surface and Underground Water, Desalination, and Wastewater Reuse in a Sahelian Coastal Arid Region10.3390/su1322126962071-1050https://doaj.org/article/4c40023cb27248659685824edea549522021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/22/12696https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050This paper presents a general conceptual procedure and an economic, sustainable, resilient, and integrated solution for the water supply and landscape irrigation of a large touristic complex projected in an arid to semi-arid southwest coastal region of the island of Santiago in Cape Verde, in the Western African Sahel. It is assumed that underground water can be explored, but at a minimum level to avoid aquifers depletion or any eventual saline intrusion, and that surface water can be mobilised with the construction of a dam. Other important sources of water that were identified, assessed, and compared include treated wastewater produced in the complex, which can be reused for irrigation after undergoing tertiary treatment, and desalinated sea water, which requires the construction of a desalination plant. The devised procedure includes the definition of all feasible alternatives by a deterministic complete enumeration, and the selection of the optimised solution that may be determined by a single objective cost function to be minimised, as well as by a multi-criteria decision-making process that considers a conventional 1–5 score to be maximised. Beyond the cost, four additional criteria are considered and scored for each solution, namely, Environmental Sustainability, Water Quality, Resilience, and Local Integration, and for the relative weighting between criteria a weighted sum model is assumed. For the parameters and cost models used, the best solution that was found considers that the landscape irrigation is performed with surface water and reused wastewater, and that the water distribution network is supplied with underground and desalinated water. Other solutions more or less close can be selected based on different scores or different decision maker weighting preferences.António Freire DiogoRicardo Alves ResendeAntónio Luís OliveiraMDPI AGarticlewater resourcesSantiago IslandCape Verdesurface and underground waterdesalinationwastewater treatment and reuseEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12696, p 12696 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	water resources Santiago Island Cape Verde surface and underground water desalination wastewater treatment and reuse Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	water resources Santiago Island Cape Verde surface and underground water desalination wastewater treatment and reuse Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 António Freire Diogo Ricardo Alves Resende António Luís Oliveira Optimised Selection of Water Supply and Irrigation Sources—A Case Study on Surface and Underground Water, Desalination, and Wastewater Reuse in a Sahelian Coastal Arid Region
description	This paper presents a general conceptual procedure and an economic, sustainable, resilient, and integrated solution for the water supply and landscape irrigation of a large touristic complex projected in an arid to semi-arid southwest coastal region of the island of Santiago in Cape Verde, in the Western African Sahel. It is assumed that underground water can be explored, but at a minimum level to avoid aquifers depletion or any eventual saline intrusion, and that surface water can be mobilised with the construction of a dam. Other important sources of water that were identified, assessed, and compared include treated wastewater produced in the complex, which can be reused for irrigation after undergoing tertiary treatment, and desalinated sea water, which requires the construction of a desalination plant. The devised procedure includes the definition of all feasible alternatives by a deterministic complete enumeration, and the selection of the optimised solution that may be determined by a single objective cost function to be minimised, as well as by a multi-criteria decision-making process that considers a conventional 1–5 score to be maximised. Beyond the cost, four additional criteria are considered and scored for each solution, namely, Environmental Sustainability, Water Quality, Resilience, and Local Integration, and for the relative weighting between criteria a weighted sum model is assumed. For the parameters and cost models used, the best solution that was found considers that the landscape irrigation is performed with surface water and reused wastewater, and that the water distribution network is supplied with underground and desalinated water. Other solutions more or less close can be selected based on different scores or different decision maker weighting preferences.
format	article
author	António Freire Diogo Ricardo Alves Resende António Luís Oliveira
author_facet	António Freire Diogo Ricardo Alves Resende António Luís Oliveira
author_sort	António Freire Diogo
title	Optimised Selection of Water Supply and Irrigation Sources—A Case Study on Surface and Underground Water, Desalination, and Wastewater Reuse in a Sahelian Coastal Arid Region
title_short	Optimised Selection of Water Supply and Irrigation Sources—A Case Study on Surface and Underground Water, Desalination, and Wastewater Reuse in a Sahelian Coastal Arid Region
title_full	Optimised Selection of Water Supply and Irrigation Sources—A Case Study on Surface and Underground Water, Desalination, and Wastewater Reuse in a Sahelian Coastal Arid Region
title_fullStr	Optimised Selection of Water Supply and Irrigation Sources—A Case Study on Surface and Underground Water, Desalination, and Wastewater Reuse in a Sahelian Coastal Arid Region
title_full_unstemmed	Optimised Selection of Water Supply and Irrigation Sources—A Case Study on Surface and Underground Water, Desalination, and Wastewater Reuse in a Sahelian Coastal Arid Region
title_sort	optimised selection of water supply and irrigation sources—a case study on surface and underground water, desalination, and wastewater reuse in a sahelian coastal arid region
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4c40023cb27248659685824edea54952
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Optimised Selection of Water Supply and Irrigation Sources—A Case Study on Surface and Underground Water, Desalination, and Wastewater Reuse in a Sahelian Coastal Arid Region

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