Smart and Solar Greenhouse Covers: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

The examination of recent developments and future perspectives on smart and solar greenhouse covers is significant for commercial agriculture given that traditional greenhouse relied on external energy sources and fossil fuels to facilitate lighting, heating and forced cooling. The aim of this revie...

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Autores principales:	Chrysanthos Maraveas, Dimitrios Loukatos, Thomas Bartzanas, Konstantinos G. Arvanitis, Johannes Franciscus (Arjan) Uijterwaal
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	greenhouses smart and intelligent materials photovoltaics solar cells internet of things General Works A
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4c7ae0104f7f4976ae4a00f36f3f8fe8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4c7ae0104f7f4976ae4a00f36f3f8fe82021-11-17T06:32:36ZSmart and Solar Greenhouse Covers: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives2296-598X10.3389/fenrg.2021.783587https://doaj.org/article/4c7ae0104f7f4976ae4a00f36f3f8fe82021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2021.783587/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-598XThe examination of recent developments and future perspectives on smart and solar greenhouse covers is significant for commercial agriculture given that traditional greenhouse relied on external energy sources and fossil fuels to facilitate lighting, heating and forced cooling. The aim of this review article was to examine smart and solar materials covering greenhouse. However, the scope was limited to intelligent PhotoVoltaic (PV) systems, optimization of some material properties including smart covers, heat loading and the use of Internet of Things (IoT) to reduce the cost of operating greenhouse. As such, the following thematic areas were expounded in the research; intelligent PV systems, optimization of the Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE), Panel Generator Factor (PGF) and other material properties, heat loading future outlook and perspectives. The intelligent PV section focused on next-generation IoT and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) systems for greenhouse automation while the optimization of material parameters emphasized quantum dots, semi-transparent organic solar cells, Pb-based and Pb-based PVs and three dimensional (3D) printing. The evaluation translated to better understanding of the future outlook of the energy-independent greenhouse. Greenhouse fitted with transparent PV roofs are a sustainable alternative given that the energy generated was 100% renewable and economical. Conservative estimates further indicated that the replacement of conventional sources of energy with solar would translate to 40–60% energy cost savings. The economic savings were demonstrated by the Levelized cost of energy. A key constraint regarded the limited commercialization of emerging innovations, including transparent and semitransparent PV modules made of Pb-quantum dots, and amorphous tungsten oxide (WO3) films, with desirable electrochromic properties such as reversible color changes. In addition to intelligent energy harvesting, smart IoT-based materials embedded with thermal, humidity, and water sensors improved thermal regulation, frost mitigation and prevention, and the management of pests and disease. In turn, this translated to lower post-harvest losses and better yields and revenues.Chrysanthos MaraveasDimitrios LoukatosThomas BartzanasKonstantinos G. ArvanitisJohannes Franciscus (Arjan) UijterwaalFrontiers Media S.A.articlegreenhousessmart and intelligent materialsphotovoltaicssolar cellsinternet of thingsGeneral WorksAENFrontiers in Energy Research, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	greenhouses smart and intelligent materials photovoltaics solar cells internet of things General Works A
spellingShingle	greenhouses smart and intelligent materials photovoltaics solar cells internet of things General Works A Chrysanthos Maraveas Dimitrios Loukatos Thomas Bartzanas Konstantinos G. Arvanitis Johannes Franciscus (Arjan) Uijterwaal Smart and Solar Greenhouse Covers: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives
description	The examination of recent developments and future perspectives on smart and solar greenhouse covers is significant for commercial agriculture given that traditional greenhouse relied on external energy sources and fossil fuels to facilitate lighting, heating and forced cooling. The aim of this review article was to examine smart and solar materials covering greenhouse. However, the scope was limited to intelligent PhotoVoltaic (PV) systems, optimization of some material properties including smart covers, heat loading and the use of Internet of Things (IoT) to reduce the cost of operating greenhouse. As such, the following thematic areas were expounded in the research; intelligent PV systems, optimization of the Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE), Panel Generator Factor (PGF) and other material properties, heat loading future outlook and perspectives. The intelligent PV section focused on next-generation IoT and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) systems for greenhouse automation while the optimization of material parameters emphasized quantum dots, semi-transparent organic solar cells, Pb-based and Pb-based PVs and three dimensional (3D) printing. The evaluation translated to better understanding of the future outlook of the energy-independent greenhouse. Greenhouse fitted with transparent PV roofs are a sustainable alternative given that the energy generated was 100% renewable and economical. Conservative estimates further indicated that the replacement of conventional sources of energy with solar would translate to 40–60% energy cost savings. The economic savings were demonstrated by the Levelized cost of energy. A key constraint regarded the limited commercialization of emerging innovations, including transparent and semitransparent PV modules made of Pb-quantum dots, and amorphous tungsten oxide (WO3) films, with desirable electrochromic properties such as reversible color changes. In addition to intelligent energy harvesting, smart IoT-based materials embedded with thermal, humidity, and water sensors improved thermal regulation, frost mitigation and prevention, and the management of pests and disease. In turn, this translated to lower post-harvest losses and better yields and revenues.
format	article
author	Chrysanthos Maraveas Dimitrios Loukatos Thomas Bartzanas Konstantinos G. Arvanitis Johannes Franciscus (Arjan) Uijterwaal
author_facet	Chrysanthos Maraveas Dimitrios Loukatos Thomas Bartzanas Konstantinos G. Arvanitis Johannes Franciscus (Arjan) Uijterwaal
author_sort	Chrysanthos Maraveas
title	Smart and Solar Greenhouse Covers: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives
title_short	Smart and Solar Greenhouse Covers: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives
title_full	Smart and Solar Greenhouse Covers: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives
title_fullStr	Smart and Solar Greenhouse Covers: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives
title_full_unstemmed	Smart and Solar Greenhouse Covers: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives
title_sort	smart and solar greenhouse covers: recent developments and future perspectives
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4c7ae0104f7f4976ae4a00f36f3f8fe8
work_keys_str_mv	AT chrysanthosmaraveas smartandsolargreenhousecoversrecentdevelopmentsandfutureperspectives AT dimitriosloukatos smartandsolargreenhousecoversrecentdevelopmentsandfutureperspectives AT thomasbartzanas smartandsolargreenhousecoversrecentdevelopmentsandfutureperspectives AT konstantinosgarvanitis smartandsolargreenhousecoversrecentdevelopmentsandfutureperspectives AT johannesfranciscusarjanuijterwaal smartandsolargreenhousecoversrecentdevelopmentsandfutureperspectives
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Smart and Solar Greenhouse Covers: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

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