The First GAEN-Based COVID-19 Contact Tracing App in Norway Identifies 80% of Close Contacts in “Real Life” Scenarios
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response in most countries has relied on testing, isolation, contact tracing, and quarantine (TITQ), which is labor- and time-consuming. Therefore, several countries worldwide launched Bluetooth-based apps as supplementary tools. The aim of using contact traci...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:4ce4c32a0a44417cbcce144d91a7d66c2021-11-17T04:42:38ZThe First GAEN-Based COVID-19 Contact Tracing App in Norway Identifies 80% of Close Contacts in “Real Life” Scenarios2673-253X10.3389/fdgth.2021.731098https://doaj.org/article/4ce4c32a0a44417cbcce144d91a7d66c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2021.731098/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2673-253XThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response in most countries has relied on testing, isolation, contact tracing, and quarantine (TITQ), which is labor- and time-consuming. Therefore, several countries worldwide launched Bluetooth-based apps as supplementary tools. The aim of using contact tracing apps is to rapidly notify people about their possible exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and thus make the process of TITQ more efficient, especially upon exposure in public places. We evaluated the Norwegian Google Apple exposure notification (GAEN)-based contact tracing app Smittestopp v2 under relevant “real-life” test scenarios. We used a total of 40 devices, representing six different brands, and compared two different exposure configurations, experimented with different time thresholds and weights of the Bluetooth attenuation levels (buckets), and calculated the true notification rates among close contacts (≤2 m and ≥15 min) and false notification of sporadic contacts. In addition, we assessed the impact of using different operating systems and locations of the phone (hand/pocket). The best configuration tested to trigger exposure notification resulted in the correct notification of 80% of the true close contacts and incorrect notification of 34% of the sporadic contacts. Among those who incorrectly received notifications, most (67%) were within 2 m but the duration of contact was <15 min and thus they were not, per se, considered as “close contacts.” Lower sensitivity was observed when using the iOS operating systems or carrying the phone in the pocket instead of in the hand. The results of this study were used to improve and evaluate the performance of the Norwegian contact-tracing app Smittestopp.Hinta MeijerinkCamilla MauroyMia Karoline JohansenSindre Møgster BraatenChristine Ursin Steen LundeTrude Margrete ArnesenSiri Laura FeruglioKarin NygårdElisabeth Henie MadslienElisabeth Henie MadslienFrontiers Media S.A.articleCOVID-19digital technologymobile applicationscontact tracingexposure notificationMedicineRPublic aspects of medicineRA1-1270Electronic computers. Computer scienceQA75.5-76.95ENFrontiers in Digital Health, Vol 3 (2021) |
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| collection |
DOAJ |
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| topic |
COVID-19 digital technology mobile applications contact tracing exposure notification Medicine R Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95 |
| spellingShingle |
COVID-19 digital technology mobile applications contact tracing exposure notification Medicine R Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95 Hinta Meijerink Camilla Mauroy Mia Karoline Johansen Sindre Møgster Braaten Christine Ursin Steen Lunde Trude Margrete Arnesen Siri Laura Feruglio Karin Nygård Elisabeth Henie Madslien Elisabeth Henie Madslien The First GAEN-Based COVID-19 Contact Tracing App in Norway Identifies 80% of Close Contacts in “Real Life” Scenarios |
| description |
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response in most countries has relied on testing, isolation, contact tracing, and quarantine (TITQ), which is labor- and time-consuming. Therefore, several countries worldwide launched Bluetooth-based apps as supplementary tools. The aim of using contact tracing apps is to rapidly notify people about their possible exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and thus make the process of TITQ more efficient, especially upon exposure in public places. We evaluated the Norwegian Google Apple exposure notification (GAEN)-based contact tracing app Smittestopp v2 under relevant “real-life” test scenarios. We used a total of 40 devices, representing six different brands, and compared two different exposure configurations, experimented with different time thresholds and weights of the Bluetooth attenuation levels (buckets), and calculated the true notification rates among close contacts (≤2 m and ≥15 min) and false notification of sporadic contacts. In addition, we assessed the impact of using different operating systems and locations of the phone (hand/pocket). The best configuration tested to trigger exposure notification resulted in the correct notification of 80% of the true close contacts and incorrect notification of 34% of the sporadic contacts. Among those who incorrectly received notifications, most (67%) were within 2 m but the duration of contact was <15 min and thus they were not, per se, considered as “close contacts.” Lower sensitivity was observed when using the iOS operating systems or carrying the phone in the pocket instead of in the hand. The results of this study were used to improve and evaluate the performance of the Norwegian contact-tracing app Smittestopp. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Hinta Meijerink Camilla Mauroy Mia Karoline Johansen Sindre Møgster Braaten Christine Ursin Steen Lunde Trude Margrete Arnesen Siri Laura Feruglio Karin Nygård Elisabeth Henie Madslien Elisabeth Henie Madslien |
| author_facet |
Hinta Meijerink Camilla Mauroy Mia Karoline Johansen Sindre Møgster Braaten Christine Ursin Steen Lunde Trude Margrete Arnesen Siri Laura Feruglio Karin Nygård Elisabeth Henie Madslien Elisabeth Henie Madslien |
| author_sort |
Hinta Meijerink |
| title |
The First GAEN-Based COVID-19 Contact Tracing App in Norway Identifies 80% of Close Contacts in “Real Life” Scenarios |
| title_short |
The First GAEN-Based COVID-19 Contact Tracing App in Norway Identifies 80% of Close Contacts in “Real Life” Scenarios |
| title_full |
The First GAEN-Based COVID-19 Contact Tracing App in Norway Identifies 80% of Close Contacts in “Real Life” Scenarios |
| title_fullStr |
The First GAEN-Based COVID-19 Contact Tracing App in Norway Identifies 80% of Close Contacts in “Real Life” Scenarios |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The First GAEN-Based COVID-19 Contact Tracing App in Norway Identifies 80% of Close Contacts in “Real Life” Scenarios |
| title_sort |
first gaen-based covid-19 contact tracing app in norway identifies 80% of close contacts in “real life” scenarios |
| publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/4ce4c32a0a44417cbcce144d91a7d66c |
| work_keys_str_mv |
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