Four methods of brain pattern analyses of fMRI signals associated with wrist extension versus wrist flexion studied for potential use in future motor learning BCI.

<h4>Objective</h4>In stroke survivors, a treatment-resistant problem is inability to volitionally differentiate upper limb wrist extension versus flexion. When one intends to extend the wrist, the opposite occurs, wrist flexion, rendering the limb non-functional. Conventional therapeutic...

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Autores principales:	Aniruddh Ravindran, Jake D Rieke, Jose Daniel Alcantara Zapata, Keith D White, Avi Matarasso, M Minhal Yusufali, Mohit Rana, Aysegul Gunduz, Mo Modarres, Ranganatha Sitaram, Janis J Daly
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4dcc06f0da2f47bf9d1b30594e1d0129
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4dcc06f0da2f47bf9d1b30594e1d01292021-12-02T20:15:00ZFour methods of brain pattern analyses of fMRI signals associated with wrist extension versus wrist flexion studied for potential use in future motor learning BCI.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0254338https://doaj.org/article/4dcc06f0da2f47bf9d1b30594e1d01292021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254338https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Objective</h4>In stroke survivors, a treatment-resistant problem is inability to volitionally differentiate upper limb wrist extension versus flexion. When one intends to extend the wrist, the opposite occurs, wrist flexion, rendering the limb non-functional. Conventional therapeutic approaches have had limited success in achieving functional recovery of patients with chronic and severe upper extremity impairments. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback is an emerging strategy that has shown potential for stroke rehabilitation. There is a lack of information regarding unique blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) cortical activations uniquely controlling execution of wrist extension versus uniquely controlling wrist flexion. Therefore, a first step in providing accurate neural feedback and training to the stroke survivor is to determine the feasibility of classifying (or differentiating) brain activity uniquely associated with wrist extension from that of wrist flexion, first in healthy adults.<h4>Approach</h4>We studied brain signal of 10 healthy adults, who performed wrist extension and wrist flexion during fMRI data acquisition. We selected four types of analyses to study the feasibility of differentiating brain signal driving wrist extension versus wrist flexion, as follows: 1) general linear model (GLM) analysis; 2) support vector machine (SVM) classification; 3) 'Winner Take All'; and 4) Relative Dominance.<h4>Results</h4>With these four methods and our data, we found that few voxels were uniquely active during either wrist extension or wrist flexion. SVM resulted in only minimal classification accuracies. There was no significant difference in activation magnitude between wrist extension versus flexion; however, clusters of voxels showed extension signal > flexion signal and other clusters vice versa. Spatial patterns of activation differed among subjects.<h4>Significance</h4>We encountered a number of obstacles to obtaining clear group results in healthy adults. These obstacles included the following: high variability across healthy adults in all measures studied; close proximity of uniquely active voxels to voxels that were common to both the extension and flexion movements; in general, higher magnitude of signal for the voxels common to both movements versus the magnitude of any given uniquely active voxel for one type of movement. Our results indicate that greater precision in imaging will be required to develop a truly effective method for differentiating wrist extension versus wrist flexion from fMRI data.Aniruddh RavindranJake D RiekeJose Daniel Alcantara ZapataKeith D WhiteAvi MatarassoM Minhal YusufaliMohit RanaAysegul GunduzMo ModarresRanganatha SitaramJanis J DalyPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 8, p e0254338 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Aniruddh Ravindran Jake D Rieke Jose Daniel Alcantara Zapata Keith D White Avi Matarasso M Minhal Yusufali Mohit Rana Aysegul Gunduz Mo Modarres Ranganatha Sitaram Janis J Daly Four methods of brain pattern analyses of fMRI signals associated with wrist extension versus wrist flexion studied for potential use in future motor learning BCI.
description	<h4>Objective</h4>In stroke survivors, a treatment-resistant problem is inability to volitionally differentiate upper limb wrist extension versus flexion. When one intends to extend the wrist, the opposite occurs, wrist flexion, rendering the limb non-functional. Conventional therapeutic approaches have had limited success in achieving functional recovery of patients with chronic and severe upper extremity impairments. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback is an emerging strategy that has shown potential for stroke rehabilitation. There is a lack of information regarding unique blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) cortical activations uniquely controlling execution of wrist extension versus uniquely controlling wrist flexion. Therefore, a first step in providing accurate neural feedback and training to the stroke survivor is to determine the feasibility of classifying (or differentiating) brain activity uniquely associated with wrist extension from that of wrist flexion, first in healthy adults.<h4>Approach</h4>We studied brain signal of 10 healthy adults, who performed wrist extension and wrist flexion during fMRI data acquisition. We selected four types of analyses to study the feasibility of differentiating brain signal driving wrist extension versus wrist flexion, as follows: 1) general linear model (GLM) analysis; 2) support vector machine (SVM) classification; 3) 'Winner Take All'; and 4) Relative Dominance.<h4>Results</h4>With these four methods and our data, we found that few voxels were uniquely active during either wrist extension or wrist flexion. SVM resulted in only minimal classification accuracies. There was no significant difference in activation magnitude between wrist extension versus flexion; however, clusters of voxels showed extension signal > flexion signal and other clusters vice versa. Spatial patterns of activation differed among subjects.<h4>Significance</h4>We encountered a number of obstacles to obtaining clear group results in healthy adults. These obstacles included the following: high variability across healthy adults in all measures studied; close proximity of uniquely active voxels to voxels that were common to both the extension and flexion movements; in general, higher magnitude of signal for the voxels common to both movements versus the magnitude of any given uniquely active voxel for one type of movement. Our results indicate that greater precision in imaging will be required to develop a truly effective method for differentiating wrist extension versus wrist flexion from fMRI data.
format	article
author	Aniruddh Ravindran Jake D Rieke Jose Daniel Alcantara Zapata Keith D White Avi Matarasso M Minhal Yusufali Mohit Rana Aysegul Gunduz Mo Modarres Ranganatha Sitaram Janis J Daly
author_facet	Aniruddh Ravindran Jake D Rieke Jose Daniel Alcantara Zapata Keith D White Avi Matarasso M Minhal Yusufali Mohit Rana Aysegul Gunduz Mo Modarres Ranganatha Sitaram Janis J Daly
author_sort	Aniruddh Ravindran
title	Four methods of brain pattern analyses of fMRI signals associated with wrist extension versus wrist flexion studied for potential use in future motor learning BCI.
title_short	Four methods of brain pattern analyses of fMRI signals associated with wrist extension versus wrist flexion studied for potential use in future motor learning BCI.
title_full	Four methods of brain pattern analyses of fMRI signals associated with wrist extension versus wrist flexion studied for potential use in future motor learning BCI.
title_fullStr	Four methods of brain pattern analyses of fMRI signals associated with wrist extension versus wrist flexion studied for potential use in future motor learning BCI.
title_full_unstemmed	Four methods of brain pattern analyses of fMRI signals associated with wrist extension versus wrist flexion studied for potential use in future motor learning BCI.
title_sort	four methods of brain pattern analyses of fmri signals associated with wrist extension versus wrist flexion studied for potential use in future motor learning bci.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4dcc06f0da2f47bf9d1b30594e1d0129
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Four methods of brain pattern analyses of fMRI signals associated with wrist extension versus wrist flexion studied for potential use in future motor learning BCI.

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