Microcystin-Induced Immunotoxicity in Fishes: A Scoping Review

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) have been present on Earth for over 2 billion years, and can produce a variety of bioactive molecules, such as cyanotoxins. Microcystins (MCs), the most frequently detected cyanotoxins, pose a threat to the aquatic environment and to human health. The classic toxic m...

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Autores principales:	Wang Lin, Tien-Chieh Hung, Tomofumi Kurobe, Yi Wang, Pinhong Yang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	microcystins neuroendocrine-immune network inflammatory responses immunotoxicity fish Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4e50a7cfdc92490bae3acc097ee31b1c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4e50a7cfdc92490bae3acc097ee31b1c2021-11-25T19:08:39ZMicrocystin-Induced Immunotoxicity in Fishes: A Scoping Review10.3390/toxins131107652072-6651https://doaj.org/article/4e50a7cfdc92490bae3acc097ee31b1c2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/765https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) have been present on Earth for over 2 billion years, and can produce a variety of bioactive molecules, such as cyanotoxins. Microcystins (MCs), the most frequently detected cyanotoxins, pose a threat to the aquatic environment and to human health. The classic toxic mechanism of MCs is the inhibition of the protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A). Immunity is known as one of the most important physiological functions in the neuroendocrine-immune network to prevent infections and maintain internal homoeostasis in fish. The present review aimed to summarize existing papers, elaborate on the MC-induced immunotoxicity in fish, and put forward some suggestions for future research. The immunomodulatory effects of MCs in fish depend on the exposure concentrations, doses, time, and routes of exposure. Previous field and laboratory studies provided strong evidence of the associations between MC-induced immunotoxicity and fish death. In our review, we summarized that the immunotoxicity of MCs is primarily characterized by the inhibition of PP1 and PP2A, oxidative stress, immune cell damage, and inflammation, as well as apoptosis. The advances in fish immunoreaction upon encountering MCs will benefit the monitoring and prediction of fish health, helping to achieve an ecotoxicological goal and to ensure the sustainability of species. Future studies concerning MC-induced immunotoxicity should focus on adaptive immunity, the hormesis phenomenon and the synergistic effects of aquatic microbial pathogens.Wang LinTien-Chieh HungTomofumi KurobeYi WangPinhong YangMDPI AGarticlemicrocystinsneuroendocrine-immune networkinflammatory responsesimmunotoxicityfishMedicineRENToxins, Vol 13, Iss 765, p 765 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	microcystins neuroendocrine-immune network inflammatory responses immunotoxicity fish Medicine R
spellingShingle	microcystins neuroendocrine-immune network inflammatory responses immunotoxicity fish Medicine R Wang Lin Tien-Chieh Hung Tomofumi Kurobe Yi Wang Pinhong Yang Microcystin-Induced Immunotoxicity in Fishes: A Scoping Review
description	Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) have been present on Earth for over 2 billion years, and can produce a variety of bioactive molecules, such as cyanotoxins. Microcystins (MCs), the most frequently detected cyanotoxins, pose a threat to the aquatic environment and to human health. The classic toxic mechanism of MCs is the inhibition of the protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A). Immunity is known as one of the most important physiological functions in the neuroendocrine-immune network to prevent infections and maintain internal homoeostasis in fish. The present review aimed to summarize existing papers, elaborate on the MC-induced immunotoxicity in fish, and put forward some suggestions for future research. The immunomodulatory effects of MCs in fish depend on the exposure concentrations, doses, time, and routes of exposure. Previous field and laboratory studies provided strong evidence of the associations between MC-induced immunotoxicity and fish death. In our review, we summarized that the immunotoxicity of MCs is primarily characterized by the inhibition of PP1 and PP2A, oxidative stress, immune cell damage, and inflammation, as well as apoptosis. The advances in fish immunoreaction upon encountering MCs will benefit the monitoring and prediction of fish health, helping to achieve an ecotoxicological goal and to ensure the sustainability of species. Future studies concerning MC-induced immunotoxicity should focus on adaptive immunity, the hormesis phenomenon and the synergistic effects of aquatic microbial pathogens.
format	article
author	Wang Lin Tien-Chieh Hung Tomofumi Kurobe Yi Wang Pinhong Yang
author_facet	Wang Lin Tien-Chieh Hung Tomofumi Kurobe Yi Wang Pinhong Yang
author_sort	Wang Lin
title	Microcystin-Induced Immunotoxicity in Fishes: A Scoping Review
title_short	Microcystin-Induced Immunotoxicity in Fishes: A Scoping Review
title_full	Microcystin-Induced Immunotoxicity in Fishes: A Scoping Review
title_fullStr	Microcystin-Induced Immunotoxicity in Fishes: A Scoping Review
title_full_unstemmed	Microcystin-Induced Immunotoxicity in Fishes: A Scoping Review
title_sort	microcystin-induced immunotoxicity in fishes: a scoping review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4e50a7cfdc92490bae3acc097ee31b1c
work_keys_str_mv	AT wanglin microcystininducedimmunotoxicityinfishesascopingreview AT tienchiehhung microcystininducedimmunotoxicityinfishesascopingreview AT tomofumikurobe microcystininducedimmunotoxicityinfishesascopingreview AT yiwang microcystininducedimmunotoxicityinfishesascopingreview AT pinhongyang microcystininducedimmunotoxicityinfishesascopingreview
_version_	1718410214179340288

Microcystin-Induced Immunotoxicity in Fishes: A Scoping Review

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