Forest restoration in a fog oasis: evidence indicates need for cultural awareness in constructing the reference.

<h4>Background</h4>In the Peruvian Coastal Desert, an archipelago of fog oases, locally called lomas, are centers of biodiversity and of past human activity. Fog interception by a tree canopy, dominated by the legume tree tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), enables the occurrence in the Atiquipa...

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Autores principales:	Luís Balaguer, Rosa Arroyo-García, Percy Jiménez, María Dolores Jiménez, Luís Villegas, Irene Cordero, Rafael Rubio de Casas, Raúl Fernández-Delgado, María Eugenia Ron, Esteban Manrique, Pablo Vargas, Emilio Cano, José J Pueyo, James Aronson
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4e66de4270c54fe4a4a7dfb5a850c2eb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4e66de4270c54fe4a4a7dfb5a850c2eb2021-11-18T06:48:51ZForest restoration in a fog oasis: evidence indicates need for cultural awareness in constructing the reference.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0023004https://doaj.org/article/4e66de4270c54fe4a4a7dfb5a850c2eb2011-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21829680/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>In the Peruvian Coastal Desert, an archipelago of fog oases, locally called lomas, are centers of biodiversity and of past human activity. Fog interception by a tree canopy, dominated by the legume tree tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), enables the occurrence in the Atiquipa lomas (southern Peru) of an environmental island with a diverse flora and high productivity. Although this forest provides essential services to the local population, it has suffered 90% anthropogenic reduction in area. Restoration efforts are now getting under way, including discussion as to the most appropriate reference ecosystem to use.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Genetic diversity of tara was studied in the Atiquipa population and over a wide geographical and ecological range. Neither exclusive plastid haplotypes to loma formations nor clear geographical structuring of the genetic diversity was found. Photosynthetic performance and growth of seedlings naturally recruited in remnant patches of loma forest were compared with those of seedlings recruited or planted in the adjacent deforested area. Despite the greater water and nitrogen availability under tree canopy, growth of forest seedlings did not differ from that of those recruited into the deforested area, and was lower than that of planted seedlings. Tara seedlings exhibited tight stomatal control of photosynthesis, and a structural photoprotection by leaflet closure. These drought-avoiding mechanisms did not optimize seedling performance under the conditions produced by forest interception of fog moisture.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Both weak geographic partitioning of genetic variation and lack of physiological specialization of seedlings to the forest water regime strongly suggest that tara was introduced to lomas by humans. Therefore, the most diverse fragment of lomas is the result of landscape management and resource use by pre-Columbian cultures. We argue that an appropriate reference ecosystem for ecological restoration of lomas should include sustainable agroforestry practices that emulate the outcomes of ancient uses.Luís BalaguerRosa Arroyo-GarcíaPercy JiménezMaría Dolores JiménezLuís VillegasIrene CorderoRafael Rubio de CasasRaúl Fernández-DelgadoMaría Eugenia RonEsteban ManriquePablo VargasEmilio CanoJosé J PueyoJames AronsonPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 8, p e23004 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Luís Balaguer Rosa Arroyo-García Percy Jiménez María Dolores Jiménez Luís Villegas Irene Cordero Rafael Rubio de Casas Raúl Fernández-Delgado María Eugenia Ron Esteban Manrique Pablo Vargas Emilio Cano José J Pueyo James Aronson Forest restoration in a fog oasis: evidence indicates need for cultural awareness in constructing the reference.
description	<h4>Background</h4>In the Peruvian Coastal Desert, an archipelago of fog oases, locally called lomas, are centers of biodiversity and of past human activity. Fog interception by a tree canopy, dominated by the legume tree tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), enables the occurrence in the Atiquipa lomas (southern Peru) of an environmental island with a diverse flora and high productivity. Although this forest provides essential services to the local population, it has suffered 90% anthropogenic reduction in area. Restoration efforts are now getting under way, including discussion as to the most appropriate reference ecosystem to use.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Genetic diversity of tara was studied in the Atiquipa population and over a wide geographical and ecological range. Neither exclusive plastid haplotypes to loma formations nor clear geographical structuring of the genetic diversity was found. Photosynthetic performance and growth of seedlings naturally recruited in remnant patches of loma forest were compared with those of seedlings recruited or planted in the adjacent deforested area. Despite the greater water and nitrogen availability under tree canopy, growth of forest seedlings did not differ from that of those recruited into the deforested area, and was lower than that of planted seedlings. Tara seedlings exhibited tight stomatal control of photosynthesis, and a structural photoprotection by leaflet closure. These drought-avoiding mechanisms did not optimize seedling performance under the conditions produced by forest interception of fog moisture.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Both weak geographic partitioning of genetic variation and lack of physiological specialization of seedlings to the forest water regime strongly suggest that tara was introduced to lomas by humans. Therefore, the most diverse fragment of lomas is the result of landscape management and resource use by pre-Columbian cultures. We argue that an appropriate reference ecosystem for ecological restoration of lomas should include sustainable agroforestry practices that emulate the outcomes of ancient uses.
format	article
author	Luís Balaguer Rosa Arroyo-García Percy Jiménez María Dolores Jiménez Luís Villegas Irene Cordero Rafael Rubio de Casas Raúl Fernández-Delgado María Eugenia Ron Esteban Manrique Pablo Vargas Emilio Cano José J Pueyo James Aronson
author_facet	Luís Balaguer Rosa Arroyo-García Percy Jiménez María Dolores Jiménez Luís Villegas Irene Cordero Rafael Rubio de Casas Raúl Fernández-Delgado María Eugenia Ron Esteban Manrique Pablo Vargas Emilio Cano José J Pueyo James Aronson
author_sort	Luís Balaguer
title	Forest restoration in a fog oasis: evidence indicates need for cultural awareness in constructing the reference.
title_short	Forest restoration in a fog oasis: evidence indicates need for cultural awareness in constructing the reference.
title_full	Forest restoration in a fog oasis: evidence indicates need for cultural awareness in constructing the reference.
title_fullStr	Forest restoration in a fog oasis: evidence indicates need for cultural awareness in constructing the reference.
title_full_unstemmed	Forest restoration in a fog oasis: evidence indicates need for cultural awareness in constructing the reference.
title_sort	forest restoration in a fog oasis: evidence indicates need for cultural awareness in constructing the reference.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/4e66de4270c54fe4a4a7dfb5a850c2eb
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Forest restoration in a fog oasis: evidence indicates need for cultural awareness in constructing the reference.

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