Not only soldiers have weapons: evolution of the frontal gland in imagoes of the termite families Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae.

<h4>Background</h4>The frontal gland is a unique adaptation of advanced termite families. It has been intensively studied in soldiers with respect to its anatomy and chemistry, with numerous novel compounds being discovered within the tremendous richness of identified products. At the sa...

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Autores principales:	Jan Šobotník, Thomas Bourguignon, Robert Hanus, David Sillam-Dussès, Jitka Pflegerová, František Weyda, Kateřina Kutalová, Blahoslava Vytisková, Yves Roisin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2010
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4e7df8cb0bc44e8bbdeb2116a47c3d84
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4e7df8cb0bc44e8bbdeb2116a47c3d842021-11-18T07:00:58ZNot only soldiers have weapons: evolution of the frontal gland in imagoes of the termite families Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0015761https://doaj.org/article/4e7df8cb0bc44e8bbdeb2116a47c3d842010-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21209882/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>The frontal gland is a unique adaptation of advanced termite families. It has been intensively studied in soldiers with respect to its anatomy and chemistry, with numerous novel compounds being discovered within the tremendous richness of identified products. At the same time, the presence of the frontal gland in non-soldier castes received only negligible attention in the past.<h4>Principal findings</h4>Here, we report on the development of the frontal gland in alate imagoes of 10 genera and 13 species of Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae, in order to shed light on the evolution and function of this gland in imagoes. All investigated species possess a frontal gland. In most cases, it is well-developed and equipped with a sac-like reservoir, located in the postero-dorsal part of cranium, but reaching as far as the seventh abdominal segment in some Rhinotermitinae. The only exception is the genus Psammotermes, in which the gland is very small and devoid of the reservoir.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Our direct observations and comparisons with soldiers suggest a defensive role of the gland in imagoes of all studied species. This functional analogy, along with the anatomic homology between the frontal gland in soldiers and imagoes, make it likely that the gland appeared once during the early evolution of rhinotermitid ancestors, and remained as a defensive organ of prime importance in both, soldiers and imagoes.Jan ŠobotníkThomas BourguignonRobert HanusDavid Sillam-DussèsJitka PflegerováFrantišek WeydaKateřina KutalováBlahoslava VytiskováYves RoisinPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 5, Iss 12, p e15761 (2010)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Jan Šobotník Thomas Bourguignon Robert Hanus David Sillam-Dussès Jitka Pflegerová František Weyda Kateřina Kutalová Blahoslava Vytisková Yves Roisin Not only soldiers have weapons: evolution of the frontal gland in imagoes of the termite families Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae.
description	<h4>Background</h4>The frontal gland is a unique adaptation of advanced termite families. It has been intensively studied in soldiers with respect to its anatomy and chemistry, with numerous novel compounds being discovered within the tremendous richness of identified products. At the same time, the presence of the frontal gland in non-soldier castes received only negligible attention in the past.<h4>Principal findings</h4>Here, we report on the development of the frontal gland in alate imagoes of 10 genera and 13 species of Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae, in order to shed light on the evolution and function of this gland in imagoes. All investigated species possess a frontal gland. In most cases, it is well-developed and equipped with a sac-like reservoir, located in the postero-dorsal part of cranium, but reaching as far as the seventh abdominal segment in some Rhinotermitinae. The only exception is the genus Psammotermes, in which the gland is very small and devoid of the reservoir.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Our direct observations and comparisons with soldiers suggest a defensive role of the gland in imagoes of all studied species. This functional analogy, along with the anatomic homology between the frontal gland in soldiers and imagoes, make it likely that the gland appeared once during the early evolution of rhinotermitid ancestors, and remained as a defensive organ of prime importance in both, soldiers and imagoes.
format	article
author	Jan Šobotník Thomas Bourguignon Robert Hanus David Sillam-Dussès Jitka Pflegerová František Weyda Kateřina Kutalová Blahoslava Vytisková Yves Roisin
author_facet	Jan Šobotník Thomas Bourguignon Robert Hanus David Sillam-Dussès Jitka Pflegerová František Weyda Kateřina Kutalová Blahoslava Vytisková Yves Roisin
author_sort	Jan Šobotník
title	Not only soldiers have weapons: evolution of the frontal gland in imagoes of the termite families Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae.
title_short	Not only soldiers have weapons: evolution of the frontal gland in imagoes of the termite families Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae.
title_full	Not only soldiers have weapons: evolution of the frontal gland in imagoes of the termite families Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae.
title_fullStr	Not only soldiers have weapons: evolution of the frontal gland in imagoes of the termite families Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae.
title_full_unstemmed	Not only soldiers have weapons: evolution of the frontal gland in imagoes of the termite families Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae.
title_sort	not only soldiers have weapons: evolution of the frontal gland in imagoes of the termite families rhinotermitidae and serritermitidae.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2010
url	https://doaj.org/article/4e7df8cb0bc44e8bbdeb2116a47c3d84
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Not only soldiers have weapons: evolution of the frontal gland in imagoes of the termite families Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae.

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