Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat

West Africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 infection in the world, but a high number of cases has been recognized in Europe, India, and the United States. The virus is less transmissible than HIV-1, with sexual contacts being the most frequent route of acquisition...

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Autores principales:	Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Marta Giovanetti, Caterina Sagnelli, Alessandra Ciccozzi, Gabriella d’Ettorre, Silvia Angeletti, Alessandra Borsetti, Massimo Ciccozzi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	HIV-2 epidemiology AIDS Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4ec1bb849fd740a196d7d56a37572d39
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4ec1bb849fd740a196d7d56a37572d392021-11-25T18:37:45ZHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat10.3390/pathogens101113772076-0817https://doaj.org/article/4ec1bb849fd740a196d7d56a37572d392021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/11/1377https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817West Africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 infection in the world, but a high number of cases has been recognized in Europe, India, and the United States. The virus is less transmissible than HIV-1, with sexual contacts being the most frequent route of acquisition. In the absence of specific antiretroviral therapy, most HIV-2 carriers will develop AIDS. Although, it requires more time than HIV-1 infection, CD4+ T cell decline occurs more slowly in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 patients. HIV-2 is resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and some protease inhibitors. Misdiagnosis of HIV-2 in patients mistakenly considered HIV-1-positive or in those with dual infections can cause treatment failures with undetectable HIV-1 RNA. In this era of global integration, clinicians must be aware of when to consider the diagnosis of HIV-2 infection and how to test for this virus. Although there is debate regarding when therapy should be initiated and which regimen should be chosen, recent trials have provided important information on treatment options for HIV-2 infection. In this review, we focus mainly on data available and on the insight they offer about molecular epidemiology, clinical presentation, antiretroviral therapy, and diagnostic tests of HIV-2 infection.Giancarlo CeccarelliMarta GiovanettiCaterina SagnelliAlessandra CiccozziGabriella d’EttorreSilvia AngelettiAlessandra BorsettiMassimo CiccozziMDPI AGarticleHIV-2epidemiologyAIDSMedicineRENPathogens, Vol 10, Iss 1377, p 1377 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	HIV-2 epidemiology AIDS Medicine R
spellingShingle	HIV-2 epidemiology AIDS Medicine R Giancarlo Ceccarelli Marta Giovanetti Caterina Sagnelli Alessandra Ciccozzi Gabriella d’Ettorre Silvia Angeletti Alessandra Borsetti Massimo Ciccozzi Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
description	West Africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 infection in the world, but a high number of cases has been recognized in Europe, India, and the United States. The virus is less transmissible than HIV-1, with sexual contacts being the most frequent route of acquisition. In the absence of specific antiretroviral therapy, most HIV-2 carriers will develop AIDS. Although, it requires more time than HIV-1 infection, CD4+ T cell decline occurs more slowly in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 patients. HIV-2 is resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and some protease inhibitors. Misdiagnosis of HIV-2 in patients mistakenly considered HIV-1-positive or in those with dual infections can cause treatment failures with undetectable HIV-1 RNA. In this era of global integration, clinicians must be aware of when to consider the diagnosis of HIV-2 infection and how to test for this virus. Although there is debate regarding when therapy should be initiated and which regimen should be chosen, recent trials have provided important information on treatment options for HIV-2 infection. In this review, we focus mainly on data available and on the insight they offer about molecular epidemiology, clinical presentation, antiretroviral therapy, and diagnostic tests of HIV-2 infection.
format	article
author	Giancarlo Ceccarelli Marta Giovanetti Caterina Sagnelli Alessandra Ciccozzi Gabriella d’Ettorre Silvia Angeletti Alessandra Borsetti Massimo Ciccozzi
author_facet	Giancarlo Ceccarelli Marta Giovanetti Caterina Sagnelli Alessandra Ciccozzi Gabriella d’Ettorre Silvia Angeletti Alessandra Borsetti Massimo Ciccozzi
author_sort	Giancarlo Ceccarelli
title	Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
title_short	Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
title_full	Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
title_fullStr	Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
title_full_unstemmed	Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat
title_sort	human immunodeficiency virus type 2: the neglected threat
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4ec1bb849fd740a196d7d56a37572d39
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat

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