Spatial–Temporal Evolution of Vegetation NDVI in Association with Climatic, Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors in the Loess Plateau, China during 2000–2015: Quantitative Analysis Based on Geographical Detector Model

In the Loess Plateau (LP) of China, the vegetation degradation and soil erosion problems have been shown to be curbed after the implementation of the Grain for Green program. In this study, the LP is divided into the northwestern semi-arid area and the southeastern semi-humid area using the 400 mm i...

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Autores principales:	Yi Dong, Dongqin Yin, Xiang Li, Jianxi Huang, Wei Su, Xuecao Li, Hongshuo Wang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Loess Plateau China normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) spatial–temporal evolution geographical detector model driving forces Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4f55c18fbb7746fdbc5e6df1d4083342
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4f55c18fbb7746fdbc5e6df1d40833422021-11-11T18:55:09ZSpatial–Temporal Evolution of Vegetation NDVI in Association with Climatic, Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors in the Loess Plateau, China during 2000–2015: Quantitative Analysis Based on Geographical Detector Model10.3390/rs132143802072-4292https://doaj.org/article/4f55c18fbb7746fdbc5e6df1d40833422021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4380https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292In the Loess Plateau (LP) of China, the vegetation degradation and soil erosion problems have been shown to be curbed after the implementation of the Grain for Green program. In this study, the LP is divided into the northwestern semi-arid area and the southeastern semi-humid area using the 400 mm isohyet. The spatial–temporal evolution of the vegetation NDVI during 2000–2015 are analyzed, and the driving forces (including factors of climate, environment, and human activities) of the evolution are quantitatively identified using the geographical detector model (GDM). The results showed that the annual mean NDVI in the entire LP was 0.529, and it decreased from the semi-humid area (0.619) to the semi-arid area (0.346). The mean value of the coefficient of variation of the NDVI was 0.1406, and it increased from the semi-humid area (0.1165) to the semi-arid area (0.1926). The annual NDVI growth rate in the entire LP was 0.0079, with the NDVI growing faster in the semi-humid area (0.0093) than in the semi-arid area (0.0049). The largest increments of the NDVI were from grassland, farmland, and woodland. The GDM results revealed that changes in the spatial distribution of the NDVI could be primarily explained by the climatic and environmental factors in the semi-arid area, such as precipitation, soil type, and vegetation type, while the changes were mainly explained by the anthropogenic factors in the semi-humid area, such as the GDP density, land-use type, and population density. The interactive analysis showed that interactions between factors strengthened the impacts on the vegetation change compared with an individual factor. Furthermore, the ranges/types of factors suitable for vegetation growth were determined. The conclusions of this study have important implications for the formulation and implementation of ecological conservation and restoration strategies in different regions of the LP.Yi DongDongqin YinXiang LiJianxi HuangWei SuXuecao LiHongshuo WangMDPI AGarticleLoess PlateauChinanormalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)spatial–temporal evolutiongeographical detector modeldriving forcesScienceQENRemote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4380, p 4380 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Loess Plateau China normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) spatial–temporal evolution geographical detector model driving forces Science Q
spellingShingle	Loess Plateau China normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) spatial–temporal evolution geographical detector model driving forces Science Q Yi Dong Dongqin Yin Xiang Li Jianxi Huang Wei Su Xuecao Li Hongshuo Wang Spatial–Temporal Evolution of Vegetation NDVI in Association with Climatic, Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors in the Loess Plateau, China during 2000–2015: Quantitative Analysis Based on Geographical Detector Model
description	In the Loess Plateau (LP) of China, the vegetation degradation and soil erosion problems have been shown to be curbed after the implementation of the Grain for Green program. In this study, the LP is divided into the northwestern semi-arid area and the southeastern semi-humid area using the 400 mm isohyet. The spatial–temporal evolution of the vegetation NDVI during 2000–2015 are analyzed, and the driving forces (including factors of climate, environment, and human activities) of the evolution are quantitatively identified using the geographical detector model (GDM). The results showed that the annual mean NDVI in the entire LP was 0.529, and it decreased from the semi-humid area (0.619) to the semi-arid area (0.346). The mean value of the coefficient of variation of the NDVI was 0.1406, and it increased from the semi-humid area (0.1165) to the semi-arid area (0.1926). The annual NDVI growth rate in the entire LP was 0.0079, with the NDVI growing faster in the semi-humid area (0.0093) than in the semi-arid area (0.0049). The largest increments of the NDVI were from grassland, farmland, and woodland. The GDM results revealed that changes in the spatial distribution of the NDVI could be primarily explained by the climatic and environmental factors in the semi-arid area, such as precipitation, soil type, and vegetation type, while the changes were mainly explained by the anthropogenic factors in the semi-humid area, such as the GDP density, land-use type, and population density. The interactive analysis showed that interactions between factors strengthened the impacts on the vegetation change compared with an individual factor. Furthermore, the ranges/types of factors suitable for vegetation growth were determined. The conclusions of this study have important implications for the formulation and implementation of ecological conservation and restoration strategies in different regions of the LP.
format	article
author	Yi Dong Dongqin Yin Xiang Li Jianxi Huang Wei Su Xuecao Li Hongshuo Wang
author_facet	Yi Dong Dongqin Yin Xiang Li Jianxi Huang Wei Su Xuecao Li Hongshuo Wang
author_sort	Yi Dong
title	Spatial–Temporal Evolution of Vegetation NDVI in Association with Climatic, Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors in the Loess Plateau, China during 2000–2015: Quantitative Analysis Based on Geographical Detector Model
title_short	Spatial–Temporal Evolution of Vegetation NDVI in Association with Climatic, Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors in the Loess Plateau, China during 2000–2015: Quantitative Analysis Based on Geographical Detector Model
title_full	Spatial–Temporal Evolution of Vegetation NDVI in Association with Climatic, Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors in the Loess Plateau, China during 2000–2015: Quantitative Analysis Based on Geographical Detector Model
title_fullStr	Spatial–Temporal Evolution of Vegetation NDVI in Association with Climatic, Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors in the Loess Plateau, China during 2000–2015: Quantitative Analysis Based on Geographical Detector Model
title_full_unstemmed	Spatial–Temporal Evolution of Vegetation NDVI in Association with Climatic, Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors in the Loess Plateau, China during 2000–2015: Quantitative Analysis Based on Geographical Detector Model
title_sort	spatial–temporal evolution of vegetation ndvi in association with climatic, environmental and anthropogenic factors in the loess plateau, china during 2000–2015: quantitative analysis based on geographical detector model
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4f55c18fbb7746fdbc5e6df1d4083342
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Spatial–Temporal Evolution of Vegetation NDVI in Association with Climatic, Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors in the Loess Plateau, China during 2000–2015: Quantitative Analysis Based on Geographical Detector Model

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