When Eyes Wander Around: Mind-Wandering as Revealed by Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models

Mind-wandering has been shown to largely influence our learning efficiency, especially in the digital and distracting era nowadays. Detecting mind-wandering thus becomes imperative in educational scenarios. Here, we used a wearable eye-tracker to record eye movements during the sustained attention t...

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Autores principales:	Hsing-Hao Lee, Zih-Ling Chen, Su-Ling Yeh, Janet Huiwen Hsiao, An-Yeu (Andy) Wu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	mind-wandering sustained attention eye movement analysis with hidden Markov models (EMHMM) fixation learning Chemical technology TP1-1185
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4fc898115f8d4809aba7e61b86c8f4bc
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:4fc898115f8d4809aba7e61b86c8f4bc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4fc898115f8d4809aba7e61b86c8f4bc2021-11-25T18:57:30ZWhen Eyes Wander Around: Mind-Wandering as Revealed by Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models10.3390/s212275691424-8220https://doaj.org/article/4fc898115f8d4809aba7e61b86c8f4bc2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7569https://doaj.org/toc/1424-8220Mind-wandering has been shown to largely influence our learning efficiency, especially in the digital and distracting era nowadays. Detecting mind-wandering thus becomes imperative in educational scenarios. Here, we used a wearable eye-tracker to record eye movements during the sustained attention to response task. Eye movement analysis with hidden Markov models (EMHMM), which takes both spatial and temporal eye-movement information into account, was used to examine if participants’ eye movement patterns can differentiate between the states of focused attention and mind-wandering. Two representative eye movement patterns were discovered through clustering using EMHMM: centralized and distributed patterns. Results showed that participants with the centralized pattern had better performance on detecting targets and rated themselves as more focused than those with the distributed pattern. This study indicates that distinct eye movement patterns are associated with different attentional states (focused attention vs. mind-wandering) and demonstrates a novel approach in using EMHMM to study attention. Moreover, this study provides a potential approach to capture the mind-wandering state in the classroom without interrupting the ongoing learning behavior.Hsing-Hao LeeZih-Ling ChenSu-Ling YehJanet Huiwen HsiaoAn-Yeu (Andy) WuMDPI AGarticlemind-wanderingsustained attentioneye movement analysis with hidden Markov models (EMHMM)fixationlearningChemical technologyTP1-1185ENSensors, Vol 21, Iss 7569, p 7569 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	mind-wandering sustained attention eye movement analysis with hidden Markov models (EMHMM) fixation learning Chemical technology TP1-1185
spellingShingle	mind-wandering sustained attention eye movement analysis with hidden Markov models (EMHMM) fixation learning Chemical technology TP1-1185 Hsing-Hao Lee Zih-Ling Chen Su-Ling Yeh Janet Huiwen Hsiao An-Yeu (Andy) Wu When Eyes Wander Around: Mind-Wandering as Revealed by Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models
description	Mind-wandering has been shown to largely influence our learning efficiency, especially in the digital and distracting era nowadays. Detecting mind-wandering thus becomes imperative in educational scenarios. Here, we used a wearable eye-tracker to record eye movements during the sustained attention to response task. Eye movement analysis with hidden Markov models (EMHMM), which takes both spatial and temporal eye-movement information into account, was used to examine if participants’ eye movement patterns can differentiate between the states of focused attention and mind-wandering. Two representative eye movement patterns were discovered through clustering using EMHMM: centralized and distributed patterns. Results showed that participants with the centralized pattern had better performance on detecting targets and rated themselves as more focused than those with the distributed pattern. This study indicates that distinct eye movement patterns are associated with different attentional states (focused attention vs. mind-wandering) and demonstrates a novel approach in using EMHMM to study attention. Moreover, this study provides a potential approach to capture the mind-wandering state in the classroom without interrupting the ongoing learning behavior.
format	article
author	Hsing-Hao Lee Zih-Ling Chen Su-Ling Yeh Janet Huiwen Hsiao An-Yeu (Andy) Wu
author_facet	Hsing-Hao Lee Zih-Ling Chen Su-Ling Yeh Janet Huiwen Hsiao An-Yeu (Andy) Wu
author_sort	Hsing-Hao Lee
title	When Eyes Wander Around: Mind-Wandering as Revealed by Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models
title_short	When Eyes Wander Around: Mind-Wandering as Revealed by Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models
title_full	When Eyes Wander Around: Mind-Wandering as Revealed by Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models
title_fullStr	When Eyes Wander Around: Mind-Wandering as Revealed by Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models
title_full_unstemmed	When Eyes Wander Around: Mind-Wandering as Revealed by Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models
title_sort	when eyes wander around: mind-wandering as revealed by eye movement analysis with hidden markov models
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4fc898115f8d4809aba7e61b86c8f4bc
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When Eyes Wander Around: Mind-Wandering as Revealed by Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models

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