Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusions, and Isotopic Study of the Kargah Cu-Pb Polymetallic Vein-Type Deposit, Kohistan Island Arc, Northern Pakistan: Implication for Ore Genesis

The Kargah Cu-Pb polymetallic deposit is a newly discovered ore deposit from the Gilgit-Baltistan region, located in the Kohistan Island Arc, northern Pakistan. However, this area is poorly researched on the ore genesis, and its origin and the evolution of its magmatic-hydrothermal system remain unc...

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Autores principales:	Zahid Hussain, Chunhui Tao, Chun-Feng Li, Shili Liao, Masroor Alam, Muhammad Farhan, Huichao Zhang, Amjad Hussain
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	fluid inclusions sulfur and lead isotopes hydrothermal fluid evolution Kargah valley north Pakistan Mineralogy QE351-399.2
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/503ec8f513ca454fa63671e92b027e34
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:503ec8f513ca454fa63671e92b027e342021-11-25T18:26:43ZMineralogy, Fluid Inclusions, and Isotopic Study of the Kargah Cu-Pb Polymetallic Vein-Type Deposit, Kohistan Island Arc, Northern Pakistan: Implication for Ore Genesis10.3390/min111112662075-163Xhttps://doaj.org/article/503ec8f513ca454fa63671e92b027e342021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/11/1266https://doaj.org/toc/2075-163XThe Kargah Cu-Pb polymetallic deposit is a newly discovered ore deposit from the Gilgit-Baltistan region, located in the Kohistan Island Arc, northern Pakistan. However, this area is poorly researched on the ore genesis, and its origin and the evolution of its magmatic-hydrothermal system remain unclear. Three stages of mineralization were identified, including quartz-pyrite, quartz-sulfide, and carbonate representing early, middle, and late stages, respectively. The major ore minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, and zincian tetrahedrite with minor native silver, and native gold mainly distributed in pyrite. Here, we present a systematic study on ore geology, hydrothermal alterations, trace element composition of pyrite, fluid inclusions, and isotopes (S and Pb) characteristics to gain insights into the nature of the ore-forming fluids, types of unknown deposits, and hydrothermal fluid evolution. The high Co/Ni ratio (1.3–16.4) and Co content (average 1201 ppm), the low Mo/Ni ratio (0.43–0.94) and Mo contents (average 108 ppm) of both Py-I and Py-II suggest a mafic source for the mineralization. The Au-Ni plots, Co-As-Ni correlation, and the δ<sup>34</sup>S values range from −2.8 to 6.4‰ (average of 3.4‰) indicating the affiliation of the mineralization with a mantle-derived magmatic-hydrothermal provenance. The Pb isotope data showing the narrow variations in <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb, <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb and <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb values suggest a single lead source from crustal-derived materials. The microthermometry data suggest that the dominant mechanisms are fluid boiling and mixing for mineral precipitation at temperatures ranging between 155 and 555 °C, and represent an intrusion-related magmatic-hydrothermal environment for the Kargah Cu-Pb polymetallic deposit.Zahid HussainChunhui TaoChun-Feng LiShili LiaoMasroor AlamMuhammad FarhanHuichao ZhangAmjad HussainMDPI AGarticlefluid inclusionssulfur and lead isotopeshydrothermal fluid evolutionKargah valleynorth PakistanMineralogyQE351-399.2ENMinerals, Vol 11, Iss 1266, p 1266 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	fluid inclusions sulfur and lead isotopes hydrothermal fluid evolution Kargah valley north Pakistan Mineralogy QE351-399.2
spellingShingle	fluid inclusions sulfur and lead isotopes hydrothermal fluid evolution Kargah valley north Pakistan Mineralogy QE351-399.2 Zahid Hussain Chunhui Tao Chun-Feng Li Shili Liao Masroor Alam Muhammad Farhan Huichao Zhang Amjad Hussain Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusions, and Isotopic Study of the Kargah Cu-Pb Polymetallic Vein-Type Deposit, Kohistan Island Arc, Northern Pakistan: Implication for Ore Genesis
description	The Kargah Cu-Pb polymetallic deposit is a newly discovered ore deposit from the Gilgit-Baltistan region, located in the Kohistan Island Arc, northern Pakistan. However, this area is poorly researched on the ore genesis, and its origin and the evolution of its magmatic-hydrothermal system remain unclear. Three stages of mineralization were identified, including quartz-pyrite, quartz-sulfide, and carbonate representing early, middle, and late stages, respectively. The major ore minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, and zincian tetrahedrite with minor native silver, and native gold mainly distributed in pyrite. Here, we present a systematic study on ore geology, hydrothermal alterations, trace element composition of pyrite, fluid inclusions, and isotopes (S and Pb) characteristics to gain insights into the nature of the ore-forming fluids, types of unknown deposits, and hydrothermal fluid evolution. The high Co/Ni ratio (1.3–16.4) and Co content (average 1201 ppm), the low Mo/Ni ratio (0.43–0.94) and Mo contents (average 108 ppm) of both Py-I and Py-II suggest a mafic source for the mineralization. The Au-Ni plots, Co-As-Ni correlation, and the δ<sup>34</sup>S values range from −2.8 to 6.4‰ (average of 3.4‰) indicating the affiliation of the mineralization with a mantle-derived magmatic-hydrothermal provenance. The Pb isotope data showing the narrow variations in <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb, <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb and <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb values suggest a single lead source from crustal-derived materials. The microthermometry data suggest that the dominant mechanisms are fluid boiling and mixing for mineral precipitation at temperatures ranging between 155 and 555 °C, and represent an intrusion-related magmatic-hydrothermal environment for the Kargah Cu-Pb polymetallic deposit.
format	article
author	Zahid Hussain Chunhui Tao Chun-Feng Li Shili Liao Masroor Alam Muhammad Farhan Huichao Zhang Amjad Hussain
author_facet	Zahid Hussain Chunhui Tao Chun-Feng Li Shili Liao Masroor Alam Muhammad Farhan Huichao Zhang Amjad Hussain
author_sort	Zahid Hussain
title	Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusions, and Isotopic Study of the Kargah Cu-Pb Polymetallic Vein-Type Deposit, Kohistan Island Arc, Northern Pakistan: Implication for Ore Genesis
title_short	Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusions, and Isotopic Study of the Kargah Cu-Pb Polymetallic Vein-Type Deposit, Kohistan Island Arc, Northern Pakistan: Implication for Ore Genesis
title_full	Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusions, and Isotopic Study of the Kargah Cu-Pb Polymetallic Vein-Type Deposit, Kohistan Island Arc, Northern Pakistan: Implication for Ore Genesis
title_fullStr	Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusions, and Isotopic Study of the Kargah Cu-Pb Polymetallic Vein-Type Deposit, Kohistan Island Arc, Northern Pakistan: Implication for Ore Genesis
title_full_unstemmed	Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusions, and Isotopic Study of the Kargah Cu-Pb Polymetallic Vein-Type Deposit, Kohistan Island Arc, Northern Pakistan: Implication for Ore Genesis
title_sort	mineralogy, fluid inclusions, and isotopic study of the kargah cu-pb polymetallic vein-type deposit, kohistan island arc, northern pakistan: implication for ore genesis
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/503ec8f513ca454fa63671e92b027e34
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Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusions, and Isotopic Study of the Kargah Cu-Pb Polymetallic Vein-Type Deposit, Kohistan Island Arc, Northern Pakistan: Implication for Ore Genesis

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