Influence of age on measured anatomical and physiological interpupillary distance (far and near), and near heterophoria, in Arab males

Saud A AlAnazi, Mana A AlAnazi, Uchechukwu L Osuagwu Corneal Research Chair, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Purpose: To compare the effects of age and near phoria on interpupillary distance measured at fa...

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Autores principales:	Alanazi SA, Alanazi MA, Osugawu UL
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2013
Materias:	Ophthalmology RE1-994
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/50f9ddaf507047f2aab1b20dbba929ab
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:50f9ddaf507047f2aab1b20dbba929ab2021-12-02T04:01:49ZInfluence of age on measured anatomical and physiological interpupillary distance (far and near), and near heterophoria, in Arab males1177-54671177-5483https://doaj.org/article/50f9ddaf507047f2aab1b20dbba929ab2013-04-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/influence-of-age-on-measured-anatomical-and-physiological-interpupilla-a12783https://doaj.org/toc/1177-5467https://doaj.org/toc/1177-5483Saud A AlAnazi, Mana A AlAnazi, Uchechukwu L Osuagwu Corneal Research Chair, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Purpose: To compare the effects of age and near phoria on interpupillary distance measured at far (FIPD) and near (NIPD) using the Viktorin's and pupillometer (PD-5) methods. Methods: Interpupillary distance (IPD) by Viktorin's method and the corneal reflex pupillometer (PD-5) method, as well as near heterophoria by the Saladin near point card, were each obtained on 133 randomly selected normal subjects aged 20–67 years. Comparison within and between techniques, influence of age on IPD, and near heterophoria were assessed. Results: The mean FIPD varied significantly from the NIPD (P < 0.001 for both methods). Overall, FIPD ranged from 56–73 mm, and NIPD ranged from 50–70 mm. For FIPDs of 55 mm, 63 mm, and 71 mm, the corresponding NIPDs were less by 3.9 mm, 4.4 mm, and 5.0 mm, respectively, which were measured by Viktorin's method, and 4.0 mm, 4.6 mm, and 5.2 mm, respectively, measured by the PD-5 method. Between methods, the limits of agreement were: -3.9 mm and 3.2 mm (P > 0.05) for FIPD, and -3.1 mm and 2.9 mm (P > 0.05) for NIPD. Both IPDs varied significantly across age groups (P < 0.0001). Post hoc analysis revealed a significant variation (P < 0.01 in both techniques) only in the comparison between age groups 16-25 years and 41-67 years. The mean difference was -2.2 mm (-4.0 mm to -0.3 mm) and -2.8 mm (-4.7 mm to -1.0 mm) for Viktorin's method for FIPD and NIPD, respectively. For PD-5, the corresponding values were -1.3 mm (-3.2 mm to 0.4 mm) and -1.7 mm (-4.1 to -0.5 mm). Also, the near phoria differed significantly (P < 0.0001) across age groups and correlated positively with age (r2 = 0.27, P < 0.0001) and NIPD (r2 > 0.04; P < 0.03, both techniques). Conclusion: The difference between FIPD and NIPD (about 4.4 mm in Arab males) was observed independent of the technique used. The Viktorin's and the PD-5 methods of IPD assessment resulted in similar values, and therefore, could be interchangeably used. However, caution is advised in cases of high power refractive corrections as the difference could vary from -4 mm to +3 mm (FIPD) and -3 mm to +3 mm (NIPD). Both IPDs have demonstrated an increase until the patients are in their early 40s, and a slight decrease has been observed thereafter. Age and NIPD were significantly associated with heterophoria in our subjects. Keywords: phoria, interpupillary distance, Viktorin's method, pupillometer, Saladin near point card, ageAlanazi SAAlanazi MAOsugawu ULDove Medical PressarticleOphthalmologyRE1-994ENClinical Ophthalmology, Vol 2013, Iss default, Pp 711-724 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Ophthalmology RE1-994
spellingShingle	Ophthalmology RE1-994 Alanazi SA Alanazi MA Osugawu UL Influence of age on measured anatomical and physiological interpupillary distance (far and near), and near heterophoria, in Arab males
description	Saud A AlAnazi, Mana A AlAnazi, Uchechukwu L Osuagwu Corneal Research Chair, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Purpose: To compare the effects of age and near phoria on interpupillary distance measured at far (FIPD) and near (NIPD) using the Viktorin's and pupillometer (PD-5) methods. Methods: Interpupillary distance (IPD) by Viktorin's method and the corneal reflex pupillometer (PD-5) method, as well as near heterophoria by the Saladin near point card, were each obtained on 133 randomly selected normal subjects aged 20–67 years. Comparison within and between techniques, influence of age on IPD, and near heterophoria were assessed. Results: The mean FIPD varied significantly from the NIPD (P < 0.001 for both methods). Overall, FIPD ranged from 56–73 mm, and NIPD ranged from 50–70 mm. For FIPDs of 55 mm, 63 mm, and 71 mm, the corresponding NIPDs were less by 3.9 mm, 4.4 mm, and 5.0 mm, respectively, which were measured by Viktorin's method, and 4.0 mm, 4.6 mm, and 5.2 mm, respectively, measured by the PD-5 method. Between methods, the limits of agreement were: -3.9 mm and 3.2 mm (P > 0.05) for FIPD, and -3.1 mm and 2.9 mm (P > 0.05) for NIPD. Both IPDs varied significantly across age groups (P < 0.0001). Post hoc analysis revealed a significant variation (P < 0.01 in both techniques) only in the comparison between age groups 16-25 years and 41-67 years. The mean difference was -2.2 mm (-4.0 mm to -0.3 mm) and -2.8 mm (-4.7 mm to -1.0 mm) for Viktorin's method for FIPD and NIPD, respectively. For PD-5, the corresponding values were -1.3 mm (-3.2 mm to 0.4 mm) and -1.7 mm (-4.1 to -0.5 mm). Also, the near phoria differed significantly (P < 0.0001) across age groups and correlated positively with age (r2 = 0.27, P < 0.0001) and NIPD (r2 > 0.04; P < 0.03, both techniques). Conclusion: The difference between FIPD and NIPD (about 4.4 mm in Arab males) was observed independent of the technique used. The Viktorin's and the PD-5 methods of IPD assessment resulted in similar values, and therefore, could be interchangeably used. However, caution is advised in cases of high power refractive corrections as the difference could vary from -4 mm to +3 mm (FIPD) and -3 mm to +3 mm (NIPD). Both IPDs have demonstrated an increase until the patients are in their early 40s, and a slight decrease has been observed thereafter. Age and NIPD were significantly associated with heterophoria in our subjects. Keywords: phoria, interpupillary distance, Viktorin's method, pupillometer, Saladin near point card, age
format	article
author	Alanazi SA Alanazi MA Osugawu UL
author_facet	Alanazi SA Alanazi MA Osugawu UL
author_sort	Alanazi SA
title	Influence of age on measured anatomical and physiological interpupillary distance (far and near), and near heterophoria, in Arab males
title_short	Influence of age on measured anatomical and physiological interpupillary distance (far and near), and near heterophoria, in Arab males
title_full	Influence of age on measured anatomical and physiological interpupillary distance (far and near), and near heterophoria, in Arab males
title_fullStr	Influence of age on measured anatomical and physiological interpupillary distance (far and near), and near heterophoria, in Arab males
title_full_unstemmed	Influence of age on measured anatomical and physiological interpupillary distance (far and near), and near heterophoria, in Arab males
title_sort	influence of age on measured anatomical and physiological interpupillary distance (far and near), and near heterophoria, in arab males
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/50f9ddaf507047f2aab1b20dbba929ab
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Influence of age on measured anatomical and physiological interpupillary distance (far and near), and near heterophoria, in Arab males

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