Nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging: from simple to dual contrast agents

Joan Estelrich,1,2 María Jesús Sánchez-Martín,1 Maria Antònia Busquets1,2 1Departament de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; 2Institut de Nanociència I Na...

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Autores principales:	Estelrich J, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Busquets MA
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2015
Materias:	Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/51ab9e4eaa494cf8b522ff97e7aa5554
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:51ab9e4eaa494cf8b522ff97e7aa55542021-12-02T02:01:53ZNanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging: from simple to dual contrast agents1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/51ab9e4eaa494cf8b522ff97e7aa55542015-03-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/nanoparticles-in-magnetic-resonance-imaging-from-simple-to-dual-contra-peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013 Joan Estelrich,1,2 María Jesús Sánchez-Martín,1 Maria Antònia Busquets1,2 1Departament de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; 2Institut de Nanociència I Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainAbstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become one of the most widely used and powerful tools for noninvasive clinical diagnosis owing to its high degree of soft tissue contrast, spatial resolution, and depth of penetration. MRI signal intensity is related to the relaxation times (T1, spin–lattice relaxation and T2, spin–spin relaxation) of in vivo water protons. To increase contrast, various inorganic nanoparticles and complexes (the so-called contrast agents) are administered prior to the scanning. Shortening T1 and T2 increases the corresponding relaxation rates, 1/T1 and 1/T2, producing hyperintense and hypointense signals respectively in shorter times. Moreover, the signal-to-noise ratio can be improved with the acquisition of a large number of measurements. The contrast agents used are generally based on either iron oxide nanoparticles or ferrites, providing negative contrast in T2-weighted images; or complexes of lanthanide metals (mostly containing gadolinium ions), providing positive contrast in T1-weighted images. Recently, lanthanide complexes have been immobilized in nanostructured materials in order to develop a new class of contrast agents with functions including blood-pool and organ (or tumor) targeting. Meanwhile, to overcome the limitations of individual imaging modalities, multimodal imaging techniques have been developed. An important challenge is to design all-in-one contrast agents that can be detected by multimodal techniques. Magnetoliposomes are efficient multimodal contrast agents. They can simultaneously bear both kinds of contrast and can, furthermore, incorporate targeting ligands and chains of polyethylene glycol to enhance the accumulation of nanoparticles at the site of interest and the bioavailability, respectively. Here, we review the most important characteristics of the nanoparticles or complexes used as MRI contrast agents. Keywords: gadolinium, iron oxide nanoparticles, magnetoliposomes, paramagnetic nanoparticles, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, relaxivityEstelrich JSánchez-Martín MJBusquets MADove Medical PressarticleMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol 2015, Iss default, Pp 1727-1741 (2015)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Medicine (General) R5-920 Estelrich J Sánchez-Martín MJ Busquets MA Nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging: from simple to dual contrast agents
description	Joan Estelrich,1,2 María Jesús Sánchez-Martín,1 Maria Antònia Busquets1,2 1Departament de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; 2Institut de Nanociència I Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainAbstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become one of the most widely used and powerful tools for noninvasive clinical diagnosis owing to its high degree of soft tissue contrast, spatial resolution, and depth of penetration. MRI signal intensity is related to the relaxation times (T1, spin–lattice relaxation and T2, spin–spin relaxation) of in vivo water protons. To increase contrast, various inorganic nanoparticles and complexes (the so-called contrast agents) are administered prior to the scanning. Shortening T1 and T2 increases the corresponding relaxation rates, 1/T1 and 1/T2, producing hyperintense and hypointense signals respectively in shorter times. Moreover, the signal-to-noise ratio can be improved with the acquisition of a large number of measurements. The contrast agents used are generally based on either iron oxide nanoparticles or ferrites, providing negative contrast in T2-weighted images; or complexes of lanthanide metals (mostly containing gadolinium ions), providing positive contrast in T1-weighted images. Recently, lanthanide complexes have been immobilized in nanostructured materials in order to develop a new class of contrast agents with functions including blood-pool and organ (or tumor) targeting. Meanwhile, to overcome the limitations of individual imaging modalities, multimodal imaging techniques have been developed. An important challenge is to design all-in-one contrast agents that can be detected by multimodal techniques. Magnetoliposomes are efficient multimodal contrast agents. They can simultaneously bear both kinds of contrast and can, furthermore, incorporate targeting ligands and chains of polyethylene glycol to enhance the accumulation of nanoparticles at the site of interest and the bioavailability, respectively. Here, we review the most important characteristics of the nanoparticles or complexes used as MRI contrast agents. Keywords: gadolinium, iron oxide nanoparticles, magnetoliposomes, paramagnetic nanoparticles, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, relaxivity
format	article
author	Estelrich J Sánchez-Martín MJ Busquets MA
author_facet	Estelrich J Sánchez-Martín MJ Busquets MA
author_sort	Estelrich J
title	Nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging: from simple to dual contrast agents
title_short	Nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging: from simple to dual contrast agents
title_full	Nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging: from simple to dual contrast agents
title_fullStr	Nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging: from simple to dual contrast agents
title_full_unstemmed	Nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging: from simple to dual contrast agents
title_sort	nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging: from simple to dual contrast agents
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2015
url	https://doaj.org/article/51ab9e4eaa494cf8b522ff97e7aa5554
work_keys_str_mv	AT estelrichj nanoparticlesinmagneticresonanceimagingfromsimpletodualcontrastagents AT saacutenchezmartiacutenmj nanoparticlesinmagneticresonanceimagingfromsimpletodualcontrastagents AT busquetsma nanoparticlesinmagneticresonanceimagingfromsimpletodualcontrastagents
_version_	1718402775018110976

Nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging: from simple to dual contrast agents

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