Rainforest pharmacopeia in Madagascar provides high value for current local and prospective global uses.

Botanical diversity provides value to humans through carbon sequestration, air and water purification, and the provisioning of wild foods and ethnomedicines. Here we calculate the value of botanical ethnomedicines in a rainforest region of Madagascar, the Makira Protected Area, using a substitution...

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Autores principales:	Christopher D Golden, B J Rodolph Rasolofoniaina, E J Gasta Anjaranirina, Lilien Nicolas, Laurent Ravaoliny, Claire Kremen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/522e1c0b6f584bf0ac77a48700a3be5e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:522e1c0b6f584bf0ac77a48700a3be5e2021-11-18T07:10:46ZRainforest pharmacopeia in Madagascar provides high value for current local and prospective global uses.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0041221https://doaj.org/article/522e1c0b6f584bf0ac77a48700a3be5e2012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22848447/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Botanical diversity provides value to humans through carbon sequestration, air and water purification, and the provisioning of wild foods and ethnomedicines. Here we calculate the value of botanical ethnomedicines in a rainforest region of Madagascar, the Makira Protected Area, using a substitution method that combines replacement costs and choice modeling. The Makira watershed may comprise approximately 0.8% of global botanical diversity and possesses enormous value both in its ability to provision botanical ethnomedicines to local people and as a source of potentially novel pharmaceutical drugs for society as a whole. Approximately 241 locally-recognized species are used as ethnomedicines, including 113 agricultural or weed species. We equated each ethnomedicinal treatment to the monetary value of a comparable pharmaceutical treatment adjusted by personal preferences in perceived efficacy (rather than from known or assumed medicinal equivalency). The benefit value of these botanical ethnomedicines per individual is $5.40-7.90 per year when using the value of highly subsidized Malagasy pharmaceuticals and $100.60-287.40 when using the value of American pharmaceuticals. Using local pharmaceuticals as substitutes, the value per household is $30.24-44.30 per year, equivalent to 43-63% of median annual household income, demonstrating their local importance. Using the value of American pharmaceuticals, the amount is equivalent to 22-63% of the median annual health care expenditures for American adults under 45 in 2006. The potential for developing novel biomedicines from the Makira watershed's unique flora ranges in untapped benefit value from $0.3-5.7 billion for American pharmaceutical companies, non-inclusive of the importance of providing novel medicines and improved healthcare to society. This study provides evidence of the tremendous current local and prospective global value of botanical ethnomedicines and furthers arguments for the conservation of tropical forests for sustainable use.Christopher D GoldenChristopher D GoldenB J Rodolph RasolofoniainaE J Gasta AnjaranirinaLilien NicolasLaurent RavaolinyClaire KremenPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 7, p e41221 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Christopher D Golden Christopher D Golden B J Rodolph Rasolofoniaina E J Gasta Anjaranirina Lilien Nicolas Laurent Ravaoliny Claire Kremen Rainforest pharmacopeia in Madagascar provides high value for current local and prospective global uses.
description	Botanical diversity provides value to humans through carbon sequestration, air and water purification, and the provisioning of wild foods and ethnomedicines. Here we calculate the value of botanical ethnomedicines in a rainforest region of Madagascar, the Makira Protected Area, using a substitution method that combines replacement costs and choice modeling. The Makira watershed may comprise approximately 0.8% of global botanical diversity and possesses enormous value both in its ability to provision botanical ethnomedicines to local people and as a source of potentially novel pharmaceutical drugs for society as a whole. Approximately 241 locally-recognized species are used as ethnomedicines, including 113 agricultural or weed species. We equated each ethnomedicinal treatment to the monetary value of a comparable pharmaceutical treatment adjusted by personal preferences in perceived efficacy (rather than from known or assumed medicinal equivalency). The benefit value of these botanical ethnomedicines per individual is $5.40-7.90 per year when using the value of highly subsidized Malagasy pharmaceuticals and $100.60-287.40 when using the value of American pharmaceuticals. Using local pharmaceuticals as substitutes, the value per household is $30.24-44.30 per year, equivalent to 43-63% of median annual household income, demonstrating their local importance. Using the value of American pharmaceuticals, the amount is equivalent to 22-63% of the median annual health care expenditures for American adults under 45 in 2006. The potential for developing novel biomedicines from the Makira watershed's unique flora ranges in untapped benefit value from $0.3-5.7 billion for American pharmaceutical companies, non-inclusive of the importance of providing novel medicines and improved healthcare to society. This study provides evidence of the tremendous current local and prospective global value of botanical ethnomedicines and furthers arguments for the conservation of tropical forests for sustainable use.
format	article
author	Christopher D Golden Christopher D Golden B J Rodolph Rasolofoniaina E J Gasta Anjaranirina Lilien Nicolas Laurent Ravaoliny Claire Kremen
author_facet	Christopher D Golden Christopher D Golden B J Rodolph Rasolofoniaina E J Gasta Anjaranirina Lilien Nicolas Laurent Ravaoliny Claire Kremen
author_sort	Christopher D Golden
title	Rainforest pharmacopeia in Madagascar provides high value for current local and prospective global uses.
title_short	Rainforest pharmacopeia in Madagascar provides high value for current local and prospective global uses.
title_full	Rainforest pharmacopeia in Madagascar provides high value for current local and prospective global uses.
title_fullStr	Rainforest pharmacopeia in Madagascar provides high value for current local and prospective global uses.
title_full_unstemmed	Rainforest pharmacopeia in Madagascar provides high value for current local and prospective global uses.
title_sort	rainforest pharmacopeia in madagascar provides high value for current local and prospective global uses.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/522e1c0b6f584bf0ac77a48700a3be5e
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Rainforest pharmacopeia in Madagascar provides high value for current local and prospective global uses.

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