Embedding permanent watermarks in synthetic genes.

As synthetic biology advances, labeling of genes or organisms, like other high-value products, will become important not only to pinpoint their identity, origin, or spread, but also for intellectual property, classification, bio-security or legal reasons. Ideally information should be inseparably in...

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Autores principales:	Michael Liss, Daniela Daubert, Kathrin Brunner, Kristina Kliche, Ulrich Hammes, Andreas Leiherer, Ralf Wagner
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/523c341eb625486e8e4a0c3c127f20bc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:523c341eb625486e8e4a0c3c127f20bc2021-11-18T07:09:20ZEmbedding permanent watermarks in synthetic genes.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0042465https://doaj.org/article/523c341eb625486e8e4a0c3c127f20bc2012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22905136/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203As synthetic biology advances, labeling of genes or organisms, like other high-value products, will become important not only to pinpoint their identity, origin, or spread, but also for intellectual property, classification, bio-security or legal reasons. Ideally information should be inseparably interlaced into expressed genes. We describe a method for embedding messages within open reading frames of synthetic genes by adapting steganographic algorithms typically used for watermarking digital media files. Text messages are first translated into a binary string, and then represented in the reading frame by synonymous codon choice. To aim for good expression of the labeled gene in its host as well as retain a high degree of codon assignment flexibility for gene optimization, codon usage tables of the target organism are taken into account. Preferably amino acids with 4 or 6 synonymous codons are used to comprise binary digits. Several different messages were embedded into open reading frames of T7 RNA polymerase, GFP, human EMG1 and HIV gag, variously optimized for bacterial, yeast, mammalian or plant expression, without affecting their protein expression or function. We also introduced Vigenère polyalphabetic substitution to cipher text messages, and developed an identifier as a key to deciphering codon usage ranking stored for a specific organism within a sequence of 35 nucleotides.Michael LissDaniela DaubertKathrin BrunnerKristina KlicheUlrich HammesAndreas LeihererRalf WagnerPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 8, p e42465 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Michael Liss Daniela Daubert Kathrin Brunner Kristina Kliche Ulrich Hammes Andreas Leiherer Ralf Wagner Embedding permanent watermarks in synthetic genes.
description	As synthetic biology advances, labeling of genes or organisms, like other high-value products, will become important not only to pinpoint their identity, origin, or spread, but also for intellectual property, classification, bio-security or legal reasons. Ideally information should be inseparably interlaced into expressed genes. We describe a method for embedding messages within open reading frames of synthetic genes by adapting steganographic algorithms typically used for watermarking digital media files. Text messages are first translated into a binary string, and then represented in the reading frame by synonymous codon choice. To aim for good expression of the labeled gene in its host as well as retain a high degree of codon assignment flexibility for gene optimization, codon usage tables of the target organism are taken into account. Preferably amino acids with 4 or 6 synonymous codons are used to comprise binary digits. Several different messages were embedded into open reading frames of T7 RNA polymerase, GFP, human EMG1 and HIV gag, variously optimized for bacterial, yeast, mammalian or plant expression, without affecting their protein expression or function. We also introduced Vigenère polyalphabetic substitution to cipher text messages, and developed an identifier as a key to deciphering codon usage ranking stored for a specific organism within a sequence of 35 nucleotides.
format	article
author	Michael Liss Daniela Daubert Kathrin Brunner Kristina Kliche Ulrich Hammes Andreas Leiherer Ralf Wagner
author_facet	Michael Liss Daniela Daubert Kathrin Brunner Kristina Kliche Ulrich Hammes Andreas Leiherer Ralf Wagner
author_sort	Michael Liss
title	Embedding permanent watermarks in synthetic genes.
title_short	Embedding permanent watermarks in synthetic genes.
title_full	Embedding permanent watermarks in synthetic genes.
title_fullStr	Embedding permanent watermarks in synthetic genes.
title_full_unstemmed	Embedding permanent watermarks in synthetic genes.
title_sort	embedding permanent watermarks in synthetic genes.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/523c341eb625486e8e4a0c3c127f20bc
work_keys_str_mv	AT michaelliss embeddingpermanentwatermarksinsyntheticgenes AT danieladaubert embeddingpermanentwatermarksinsyntheticgenes AT kathrinbrunner embeddingpermanentwatermarksinsyntheticgenes AT kristinakliche embeddingpermanentwatermarksinsyntheticgenes AT ulrichhammes embeddingpermanentwatermarksinsyntheticgenes AT andreasleiherer embeddingpermanentwatermarksinsyntheticgenes AT ralfwagner embeddingpermanentwatermarksinsyntheticgenes
_version_	1718423851813044224

Embedding permanent watermarks in synthetic genes.

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