To Heaven through Hell: Are There Cognitive Foundations for Purgatory? Evidence from Islamic Cultures

The purgatory doctrine, which has played a vital role in Christian culture, states that most believers must experience afterlife punishment in order to be cleansed of their sins before entering Heaven. Traditional Islamic theology rejects the notion of purgatory (<i>Al-Motahher</i>) thro...

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Autores principales:	Riyad Salim Al-Issa, Steven Eric Krauss, Samsilah Roslan, Haslinda Abdullah
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	purgatory Islam temporary afterlife punishment cognitive bias theological incorrectness proportionality Religions. Mythology. Rationalism BL1-2790
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/52f8fc7b980947259a73688c3e0a6243
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:52f8fc7b980947259a73688c3e0a6243
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:52f8fc7b980947259a73688c3e0a62432021-11-25T18:53:29ZTo Heaven through Hell: Are There Cognitive Foundations for Purgatory? Evidence from Islamic Cultures10.3390/rel121110262077-1444https://doaj.org/article/52f8fc7b980947259a73688c3e0a62432021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/11/1026https://doaj.org/toc/2077-1444The purgatory doctrine, which has played a vital role in Christian culture, states that most believers must experience afterlife punishment in order to be cleansed of their sins before entering Heaven. Traditional Islamic theology rejects the notion of purgatory (<i>Al-Motahher</i>) through the Balance doctrine (<i>Mizan</i>), which states that if the good deeds performed during a Muslim’s life outweigh their bad deeds, the person will enter heaven without suffering or punishment. This study hypothesizes that folk intuitions and cognitive biases (tendency to proportionality) explain, in part, the emergence and spread of the purgatory doctrine in the Islamic world. Drawing on a cognitive science of religion lens, the current study examines this hypothesis in an Islamic cultural context. Quantitative surveys (three studies) conducted in Jordan (<i>n</i> = 605, and <i>n</i> = 239) and Malaysia (<i>n</i> = 303) indicate that the doctrine of purgatory is prevalent (36% in Jordan and 69% in Malaysia) despite its contradiction with the Balance doctrine as defined by Islamic theology. To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting the phenomenon of theological incorrectness in Muslim afterlife beliefs by using empirical research. Implementation of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.Riyad Salim Al-IssaSteven Eric KraussSamsilah RoslanHaslinda AbdullahMDPI AGarticlepurgatoryIslamtemporary afterlife punishmentcognitive biastheological incorrectnessproportionalityReligions. Mythology. RationalismBL1-2790ENReligions, Vol 12, Iss 1026, p 1026 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	purgatory Islam temporary afterlife punishment cognitive bias theological incorrectness proportionality Religions. Mythology. Rationalism BL1-2790
spellingShingle	purgatory Islam temporary afterlife punishment cognitive bias theological incorrectness proportionality Religions. Mythology. Rationalism BL1-2790 Riyad Salim Al-Issa Steven Eric Krauss Samsilah Roslan Haslinda Abdullah To Heaven through Hell: Are There Cognitive Foundations for Purgatory? Evidence from Islamic Cultures
description	The purgatory doctrine, which has played a vital role in Christian culture, states that most believers must experience afterlife punishment in order to be cleansed of their sins before entering Heaven. Traditional Islamic theology rejects the notion of purgatory (<i>Al-Motahher</i>) through the Balance doctrine (<i>Mizan</i>), which states that if the good deeds performed during a Muslim’s life outweigh their bad deeds, the person will enter heaven without suffering or punishment. This study hypothesizes that folk intuitions and cognitive biases (tendency to proportionality) explain, in part, the emergence and spread of the purgatory doctrine in the Islamic world. Drawing on a cognitive science of religion lens, the current study examines this hypothesis in an Islamic cultural context. Quantitative surveys (three studies) conducted in Jordan (<i>n</i> = 605, and <i>n</i> = 239) and Malaysia (<i>n</i> = 303) indicate that the doctrine of purgatory is prevalent (36% in Jordan and 69% in Malaysia) despite its contradiction with the Balance doctrine as defined by Islamic theology. To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting the phenomenon of theological incorrectness in Muslim afterlife beliefs by using empirical research. Implementation of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
format	article
author	Riyad Salim Al-Issa Steven Eric Krauss Samsilah Roslan Haslinda Abdullah
author_facet	Riyad Salim Al-Issa Steven Eric Krauss Samsilah Roslan Haslinda Abdullah
author_sort	Riyad Salim Al-Issa
title	To Heaven through Hell: Are There Cognitive Foundations for Purgatory? Evidence from Islamic Cultures
title_short	To Heaven through Hell: Are There Cognitive Foundations for Purgatory? Evidence from Islamic Cultures
title_full	To Heaven through Hell: Are There Cognitive Foundations for Purgatory? Evidence from Islamic Cultures
title_fullStr	To Heaven through Hell: Are There Cognitive Foundations for Purgatory? Evidence from Islamic Cultures
title_full_unstemmed	To Heaven through Hell: Are There Cognitive Foundations for Purgatory? Evidence from Islamic Cultures
title_sort	to heaven through hell: are there cognitive foundations for purgatory? evidence from islamic cultures
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/52f8fc7b980947259a73688c3e0a6243
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To Heaven through Hell: Are There Cognitive Foundations for Purgatory? Evidence from Islamic Cultures

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