Interdigitated Electrode for Electrical Characterization of Commercial Pseudo-Binary Biodiesel–Diesel Blends

Non-standard diesel blends can be harmful to the environment and human health. In this context, a simple analytical method to estimate the biodiesel mixture ratio in diesel was developed based on impedance spectroscopy (IS) associated with interdigitated sensors. In this article, four different inte...

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Autores principales:	Inocêncio Sanches dos Santos-Neto, Christian Diniz Carvalho, Gilberto Balby Araújo Filho, Cassio Daniel Salomão Silva Andrade, Giselle Cutrim de Oliveira Santos, Allan Kardec Barros, João Viana da Fonseca Neto, Vicente Leonardo Paucar Casas, Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar, Alberto Jorge Oliveira Lopes, Fernando Carvalho Silva, Francisco Sávio Mendes Sinfrônio
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	interdigitated electrodes pseudo-binary biodiesel–diesel blends capacitive sensor Chemical technology TP1-1185
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/530e678ddf264b758890f367b8cca229
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:530e678ddf264b758890f367b8cca2292021-11-11T19:14:27ZInterdigitated Electrode for Electrical Characterization of Commercial Pseudo-Binary Biodiesel–Diesel Blends10.3390/s212172881424-8220https://doaj.org/article/530e678ddf264b758890f367b8cca2292021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7288https://doaj.org/toc/1424-8220Non-standard diesel blends can be harmful to the environment and human health. In this context, a simple analytical method to estimate the biodiesel mixture ratio in diesel was developed based on impedance spectroscopy (IS) associated with interdigitated sensors. In this article, four different interdigitated sensors with varied comb spacing (G) were simulated using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. Based on finite element simulations, four interdigitated electrode architectures were manufactured and evaluated. The best geometry was chosen according to theoretical data simulations, and its interdigitated electrodes were manufactured for the compositional evaluation of pseudo-binary biodiesel–diesel mixtures. According to the X-ray powder diffraction technique, the deposition of the conductive layer (Au<sup>0</sup>) over the surface of the dielectric substrate (SiO<sub>2</sub>) did not alter its phase composition. In the analysis of AFM and SEM, it was possible to observe irregular edges on the electrodes, possibly related to the manufacturing process of the thin layers and mechanical stability. Another characteristic observed in the AFM images was the height of the step of the gold layer of the sensor. Several cross sections were obtained, and the mean step value was 225.71 ± 0.0032 nm. Although there were differences in the roughness, the whole sensor had nanometric roughness. Based on the finite element method simulation performed, it can be assumed that the geometric parameters more suitable for the manufacturing of the electrode are W = 20 µm, L = 1000 µm, G = 50 µm, and N = 40 digits. The electrical characterization performed by impedance spectroscopy showed that we could differentiate between biodiesel and diesel fuels and their pseudo-binary mixtures in the low-frequency region.Inocêncio Sanches dos Santos-NetoChristian Diniz CarvalhoGilberto Balby Araújo FilhoCassio Daniel Salomão Silva AndradeGiselle Cutrim de Oliveira SantosAllan Kardec BarrosJoão Viana da Fonseca NetoVicente Leonardo Paucar CasasLuciana Magalhães Rebelo AlencarAlberto Jorge Oliveira LopesFernando Carvalho SilvaFrancisco Sávio Mendes SinfrônioMDPI AGarticleinterdigitated electrodespseudo-binary biodiesel–diesel blendscapacitive sensorChemical technologyTP1-1185ENSensors, Vol 21, Iss 7288, p 7288 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	interdigitated electrodes pseudo-binary biodiesel–diesel blends capacitive sensor Chemical technology TP1-1185
spellingShingle	interdigitated electrodes pseudo-binary biodiesel–diesel blends capacitive sensor Chemical technology TP1-1185 Inocêncio Sanches dos Santos-Neto Christian Diniz Carvalho Gilberto Balby Araújo Filho Cassio Daniel Salomão Silva Andrade Giselle Cutrim de Oliveira Santos Allan Kardec Barros João Viana da Fonseca Neto Vicente Leonardo Paucar Casas Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar Alberto Jorge Oliveira Lopes Fernando Carvalho Silva Francisco Sávio Mendes Sinfrônio Interdigitated Electrode for Electrical Characterization of Commercial Pseudo-Binary Biodiesel–Diesel Blends
description	Non-standard diesel blends can be harmful to the environment and human health. In this context, a simple analytical method to estimate the biodiesel mixture ratio in diesel was developed based on impedance spectroscopy (IS) associated with interdigitated sensors. In this article, four different interdigitated sensors with varied comb spacing (G) were simulated using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. Based on finite element simulations, four interdigitated electrode architectures were manufactured and evaluated. The best geometry was chosen according to theoretical data simulations, and its interdigitated electrodes were manufactured for the compositional evaluation of pseudo-binary biodiesel–diesel mixtures. According to the X-ray powder diffraction technique, the deposition of the conductive layer (Au<sup>0</sup>) over the surface of the dielectric substrate (SiO<sub>2</sub>) did not alter its phase composition. In the analysis of AFM and SEM, it was possible to observe irregular edges on the electrodes, possibly related to the manufacturing process of the thin layers and mechanical stability. Another characteristic observed in the AFM images was the height of the step of the gold layer of the sensor. Several cross sections were obtained, and the mean step value was 225.71 ± 0.0032 nm. Although there were differences in the roughness, the whole sensor had nanometric roughness. Based on the finite element method simulation performed, it can be assumed that the geometric parameters more suitable for the manufacturing of the electrode are W = 20 µm, L = 1000 µm, G = 50 µm, and N = 40 digits. The electrical characterization performed by impedance spectroscopy showed that we could differentiate between biodiesel and diesel fuels and their pseudo-binary mixtures in the low-frequency region.
format	article
author	Inocêncio Sanches dos Santos-Neto Christian Diniz Carvalho Gilberto Balby Araújo Filho Cassio Daniel Salomão Silva Andrade Giselle Cutrim de Oliveira Santos Allan Kardec Barros João Viana da Fonseca Neto Vicente Leonardo Paucar Casas Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar Alberto Jorge Oliveira Lopes Fernando Carvalho Silva Francisco Sávio Mendes Sinfrônio
author_facet	Inocêncio Sanches dos Santos-Neto Christian Diniz Carvalho Gilberto Balby Araújo Filho Cassio Daniel Salomão Silva Andrade Giselle Cutrim de Oliveira Santos Allan Kardec Barros João Viana da Fonseca Neto Vicente Leonardo Paucar Casas Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar Alberto Jorge Oliveira Lopes Fernando Carvalho Silva Francisco Sávio Mendes Sinfrônio
author_sort	Inocêncio Sanches dos Santos-Neto
title	Interdigitated Electrode for Electrical Characterization of Commercial Pseudo-Binary Biodiesel–Diesel Blends
title_short	Interdigitated Electrode for Electrical Characterization of Commercial Pseudo-Binary Biodiesel–Diesel Blends
title_full	Interdigitated Electrode for Electrical Characterization of Commercial Pseudo-Binary Biodiesel–Diesel Blends
title_fullStr	Interdigitated Electrode for Electrical Characterization of Commercial Pseudo-Binary Biodiesel–Diesel Blends
title_full_unstemmed	Interdigitated Electrode for Electrical Characterization of Commercial Pseudo-Binary Biodiesel–Diesel Blends
title_sort	interdigitated electrode for electrical characterization of commercial pseudo-binary biodiesel–diesel blends
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/530e678ddf264b758890f367b8cca229
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Interdigitated Electrode for Electrical Characterization of Commercial Pseudo-Binary Biodiesel–Diesel Blends

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