Non-Toxin-Producing <italic toggle="yes">Bacillus cereus</italic> Strains Belonging to the <italic toggle="yes">B. anthracis</italic> Clade Isolated from the International Space Station

ABSTRACT In an ongoing Microbial Observatory investigation of the International Space Station (ISS), 11 Bacillus strains (2 from the Kibo Japanese experimental module, 4 from the U.S. segment, and 5 from the Russian module) were isolated and their whole genomes were sequenced. A comparative analysis...

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Autores principales:	Kasthuri Venkateswaran, Nitin K. Singh, Aleksandra Checinska Sielaff, Robert K. Pope, Nicholas H. Bergman, Sandra P. van Tongeren, Nisha B. Patel, Paul A. Lawson, Masataka Satomi, Charles H. D. Williamson, Jason W. Sahl, Paul Keim, Duane Pierson, Jay Perry
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2017
Materias:	Bacillus Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus genomics ISS spores Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5347e497af884561b768cc375435d7e3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5347e497af884561b768cc375435d7e32021-12-02T19:48:49ZNon-Toxin-Producing <italic toggle="yes">Bacillus cereus</italic> Strains Belonging to the <italic toggle="yes">B. anthracis</italic> Clade Isolated from the International Space Station10.1128/mSystems.00021-172379-5077https://doaj.org/article/5347e497af884561b768cc375435d7e32017-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSystems.00021-17https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5077ABSTRACT In an ongoing Microbial Observatory investigation of the International Space Station (ISS), 11 Bacillus strains (2 from the Kibo Japanese experimental module, 4 from the U.S. segment, and 5 from the Russian module) were isolated and their whole genomes were sequenced. A comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of these isolates showed the highest similarity (>99%) to the Bacillus anthracis-B. cereus-B. thuringiensis group. The fatty acid composition, polar lipid profile, peptidoglycan type, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight profiles were consistent with the B. cereus sensu lato group. The phenotypic traits such as motile rods, enterotoxin production, lack of capsule, and resistance to gamma phage/penicillin observed in ISS isolates were not characteristics of B. anthracis. Whole-genome sequence characterizations showed that ISS strains had the plcR non-B. anthracis ancestral “C” allele and lacked anthrax toxin-encoding plasmids pXO1 and pXO2, excluding their identification as B. anthracis. The genetic identities of all 11 ISS isolates characterized via gyrB analyses arbitrarily identified them as members of the B. cereus group, but traditional DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) showed that the ISS isolates are similar to B. anthracis (88% to 90%) but distant from the B. cereus (42%) and B. thuringiensis (48%) type strains. The DDH results were supported by average nucleotide identity (>98.5%) and digital DDH (>86%) analyses. However, the collective phenotypic traits and genomic evidence were the reasons to exclude the ISS isolates from B. anthracis. Nevertheless, multilocus sequence typing and whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism analyses placed these isolates in a clade that is distinct from previously described members of the B. cereus sensu lato group but closely related to B. anthracis. IMPORTANCE The International Space Station Microbial Observatory (Microbial Tracking-1) study is generating a microbial census of the space station’s surfaces and atmosphere by using advanced molecular microbial community analysis techniques supported by traditional culture-based methods and modern bioinformatic computational modeling. This approach will lead to long-term, multigenerational studies of microbial population dynamics in a closed environment and address key questions, including whether microgravity influences the evolution and genetic modification of microorganisms. The spore-forming Bacillus cereus sensu lato group consists of pathogenic (B. anthracis), food poisoning (B. cereus), and biotechnologically useful (B. thuringiensis) microorganisms; their presence in a closed system such as the ISS might be a concern for the health of crew members. A detailed characterization of these potential pathogens would lead to the development of suitable countermeasures that are needed for long-term future missions and a better understanding of microorganisms associated with space missions.Kasthuri VenkateswaranNitin K. SinghAleksandra Checinska SielaffRobert K. PopeNicholas H. BergmanSandra P. van TongerenNisha B. PatelPaul A. LawsonMasataka SatomiCharles H. D. WilliamsonJason W. SahlPaul KeimDuane PiersonJay PerryAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleBacillusBacillus anthracisBacillus cereusgenomicsISSsporesMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSystems, Vol 2, Iss 3 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Bacillus Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus genomics ISS spores Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Bacillus Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus genomics ISS spores Microbiology QR1-502 Kasthuri Venkateswaran Nitin K. Singh Aleksandra Checinska Sielaff Robert K. Pope Nicholas H. Bergman Sandra P. van Tongeren Nisha B. Patel Paul A. Lawson Masataka Satomi Charles H. D. Williamson Jason W. Sahl Paul Keim Duane Pierson Jay Perry Non-Toxin-Producing <italic toggle="yes">Bacillus cereus</italic> Strains Belonging to the <italic toggle="yes">B. anthracis</italic> Clade Isolated from the International Space Station
description	ABSTRACT In an ongoing Microbial Observatory investigation of the International Space Station (ISS), 11 Bacillus strains (2 from the Kibo Japanese experimental module, 4 from the U.S. segment, and 5 from the Russian module) were isolated and their whole genomes were sequenced. A comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of these isolates showed the highest similarity (>99%) to the Bacillus anthracis-B. cereus-B. thuringiensis group. The fatty acid composition, polar lipid profile, peptidoglycan type, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight profiles were consistent with the B. cereus sensu lato group. The phenotypic traits such as motile rods, enterotoxin production, lack of capsule, and resistance to gamma phage/penicillin observed in ISS isolates were not characteristics of B. anthracis. Whole-genome sequence characterizations showed that ISS strains had the plcR non-B. anthracis ancestral “C” allele and lacked anthrax toxin-encoding plasmids pXO1 and pXO2, excluding their identification as B. anthracis. The genetic identities of all 11 ISS isolates characterized via gyrB analyses arbitrarily identified them as members of the B. cereus group, but traditional DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) showed that the ISS isolates are similar to B. anthracis (88% to 90%) but distant from the B. cereus (42%) and B. thuringiensis (48%) type strains. The DDH results were supported by average nucleotide identity (>98.5%) and digital DDH (>86%) analyses. However, the collective phenotypic traits and genomic evidence were the reasons to exclude the ISS isolates from B. anthracis. Nevertheless, multilocus sequence typing and whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism analyses placed these isolates in a clade that is distinct from previously described members of the B. cereus sensu lato group but closely related to B. anthracis. IMPORTANCE The International Space Station Microbial Observatory (Microbial Tracking-1) study is generating a microbial census of the space station’s surfaces and atmosphere by using advanced molecular microbial community analysis techniques supported by traditional culture-based methods and modern bioinformatic computational modeling. This approach will lead to long-term, multigenerational studies of microbial population dynamics in a closed environment and address key questions, including whether microgravity influences the evolution and genetic modification of microorganisms. The spore-forming Bacillus cereus sensu lato group consists of pathogenic (B. anthracis), food poisoning (B. cereus), and biotechnologically useful (B. thuringiensis) microorganisms; their presence in a closed system such as the ISS might be a concern for the health of crew members. A detailed characterization of these potential pathogens would lead to the development of suitable countermeasures that are needed for long-term future missions and a better understanding of microorganisms associated with space missions.
format	article
author	Kasthuri Venkateswaran Nitin K. Singh Aleksandra Checinska Sielaff Robert K. Pope Nicholas H. Bergman Sandra P. van Tongeren Nisha B. Patel Paul A. Lawson Masataka Satomi Charles H. D. Williamson Jason W. Sahl Paul Keim Duane Pierson Jay Perry
author_facet	Kasthuri Venkateswaran Nitin K. Singh Aleksandra Checinska Sielaff Robert K. Pope Nicholas H. Bergman Sandra P. van Tongeren Nisha B. Patel Paul A. Lawson Masataka Satomi Charles H. D. Williamson Jason W. Sahl Paul Keim Duane Pierson Jay Perry
author_sort	Kasthuri Venkateswaran
title	Non-Toxin-Producing <italic toggle="yes">Bacillus cereus</italic> Strains Belonging to the <italic toggle="yes">B. anthracis</italic> Clade Isolated from the International Space Station
title_short	Non-Toxin-Producing <italic toggle="yes">Bacillus cereus</italic> Strains Belonging to the <italic toggle="yes">B. anthracis</italic> Clade Isolated from the International Space Station
title_full	Non-Toxin-Producing <italic toggle="yes">Bacillus cereus</italic> Strains Belonging to the <italic toggle="yes">B. anthracis</italic> Clade Isolated from the International Space Station
title_fullStr	Non-Toxin-Producing <italic toggle="yes">Bacillus cereus</italic> Strains Belonging to the <italic toggle="yes">B. anthracis</italic> Clade Isolated from the International Space Station
title_full_unstemmed	Non-Toxin-Producing <italic toggle="yes">Bacillus cereus</italic> Strains Belonging to the <italic toggle="yes">B. anthracis</italic> Clade Isolated from the International Space Station
title_sort	non-toxin-producing <italic toggle="yes">bacillus cereus</italic> strains belonging to the <italic toggle="yes">b. anthracis</italic> clade isolated from the international space station
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/5347e497af884561b768cc375435d7e3
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Non-Toxin-Producing <italic toggle="yes">Bacillus cereus</italic> Strains Belonging to the <italic toggle="yes">B. anthracis</italic> Clade Isolated from the International Space Station

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