Factors Affecting Shellfish Quality in Terms of Faecal Contamination at Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK

Relatively high <i>E. coli</i> and Faecal Streptococci (FS) numbers have been reported in the waters surrounding Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK, an area containing significant shellfishery industries including mussels and cockles, despite the implementation of development works aimed at...

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Autores principales:	Andrew S. Ball, Esmaeil Shahsavari, Leadin S. Khudur, Arturo Aburto-Medina, David J. Smith
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	shellfish quality <i>E. coli</i> cockles mussels Blakeney Point faecal sterols Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/53ab4380fcda489c97bd8684fcc748d2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:53ab4380fcda489c97bd8684fcc748d22021-11-25T19:15:21ZFactors Affecting Shellfish Quality in Terms of Faecal Contamination at Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK10.3390/w132231922073-4441https://doaj.org/article/53ab4380fcda489c97bd8684fcc748d22021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/22/3192https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Relatively high <i>E. coli</i> and Faecal Streptococci (FS) numbers have been reported in the waters surrounding Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK, an area containing significant shellfishery industries including mussels and cockles, despite the implementation of development works aimed at reducing residual contamination problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using bacterial analyses and sterol profiling to assess the current levels and source of faecal pollution at Blakeney Point. No evidence of significant human faecal contamination of water in and around Blakeney Point could be found using either traditional microbiological analyses or sterol profile analysis. The presence of significant quantities of sitosterol, however, suggests that faecal contamination of water from birds does occur but at the concentration detected would not affect water quality. Analysis of cockles and mussels taken from the area show that negligible levels of coprostanol were present, confirming that faecal pollution was not causing any contamination issues. Apart from cholesterol, brassicasterol, an algal biomarker, as expected was dominant in shellfish flesh. The results confirm that current water treatment processes are successful in ensuring water quality at Blakeney Point and that a combination of microbial testing with sterol profile analysis confirmed that low microbial concentrations of faecal contaminants present in and around Blakeney Point most probably originate from migratory and/or resident bird species.Andrew S. BallEsmaeil ShahsavariLeadin S. KhudurArturo Aburto-MedinaDavid J. SmithMDPI AGarticleshellfish quality<i>E. coli</i>cocklesmusselsBlakeney Pointfaecal sterolsHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3192, p 3192 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	shellfish quality <i>E. coli</i> cockles mussels Blakeney Point faecal sterols Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	shellfish quality <i>E. coli</i> cockles mussels Blakeney Point faecal sterols Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Andrew S. Ball Esmaeil Shahsavari Leadin S. Khudur Arturo Aburto-Medina David J. Smith Factors Affecting Shellfish Quality in Terms of Faecal Contamination at Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK
description	Relatively high <i>E. coli</i> and Faecal Streptococci (FS) numbers have been reported in the waters surrounding Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK, an area containing significant shellfishery industries including mussels and cockles, despite the implementation of development works aimed at reducing residual contamination problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using bacterial analyses and sterol profiling to assess the current levels and source of faecal pollution at Blakeney Point. No evidence of significant human faecal contamination of water in and around Blakeney Point could be found using either traditional microbiological analyses or sterol profile analysis. The presence of significant quantities of sitosterol, however, suggests that faecal contamination of water from birds does occur but at the concentration detected would not affect water quality. Analysis of cockles and mussels taken from the area show that negligible levels of coprostanol were present, confirming that faecal pollution was not causing any contamination issues. Apart from cholesterol, brassicasterol, an algal biomarker, as expected was dominant in shellfish flesh. The results confirm that current water treatment processes are successful in ensuring water quality at Blakeney Point and that a combination of microbial testing with sterol profile analysis confirmed that low microbial concentrations of faecal contaminants present in and around Blakeney Point most probably originate from migratory and/or resident bird species.
format	article
author	Andrew S. Ball Esmaeil Shahsavari Leadin S. Khudur Arturo Aburto-Medina David J. Smith
author_facet	Andrew S. Ball Esmaeil Shahsavari Leadin S. Khudur Arturo Aburto-Medina David J. Smith
author_sort	Andrew S. Ball
title	Factors Affecting Shellfish Quality in Terms of Faecal Contamination at Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK
title_short	Factors Affecting Shellfish Quality in Terms of Faecal Contamination at Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK
title_full	Factors Affecting Shellfish Quality in Terms of Faecal Contamination at Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK
title_fullStr	Factors Affecting Shellfish Quality in Terms of Faecal Contamination at Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK
title_full_unstemmed	Factors Affecting Shellfish Quality in Terms of Faecal Contamination at Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK
title_sort	factors affecting shellfish quality in terms of faecal contamination at blakeney point, east anglia, uk
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/53ab4380fcda489c97bd8684fcc748d2
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Factors Affecting Shellfish Quality in Terms of Faecal Contamination at Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK

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