Source Apportionment of Fine Organic Particulate Matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in Central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The development of infrastructure, a rapidly increasing population, and urbanization has resulted in increasing air pollution levels in the African city of Addis Ababa. Prior investigations into air pollution have not yet sufficiently addressed the sources of atmospheric particulate matter. This stu...

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Autores principales:	Worku Tefera, Abera Kumie, Kiros Berhane, Frank Gilliland, Alexandra Lai, Piyaporn Sricharoenvech, Jonathan Patz, Jonathan Samet, James J. Schauer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	ambient air pollution motor vehicles biomass burning soil dust seasonality source apportionment Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/53d59870474940a9a0ff92bcc7147bf7
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:53d59870474940a9a0ff92bcc7147bf72021-11-11T16:42:48ZSource Apportionment of Fine Organic Particulate Matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in Central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia10.3390/ijerph1821116081660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/53d59870474940a9a0ff92bcc7147bf72021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11608https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601The development of infrastructure, a rapidly increasing population, and urbanization has resulted in increasing air pollution levels in the African city of Addis Ababa. Prior investigations into air pollution have not yet sufficiently addressed the sources of atmospheric particulate matter. This study aims to identify the major sources of fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and its seasonal contribution in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Twenty-four-hour average PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass samples were collected every 6th day, from November 2015 through November 2016. Chemical species were measured in samples and source apportionment was conducted using a chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model that uses particle-phase organic tracer concentrations to estimate source contributions to PM<sub>2.5</sub> organic carbon (OC) and the overall PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass. Vehicular sources (28%), biomass burning (18.3%), plus soil dust (17.4%) comprise about two-thirds of the PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass, followed by sulfate (6.5%). The sources of air pollution vary seasonally, particularly during the main wet season (June–September) and short rain season (February–April): From motor vehicles, (31.0 ± 2.6%) vs. (24.7 ± 1.2%); biomass burning, (21.5 ± 5%) vs. (14 ± 2%); and soil dust, (11 ± 6.4%) vs. (22.7 ± 8.4%), respectively, are amongst the three principal sources of ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass in the city. We suggest policy measures focusing on transportation, cleaner fuel or energy, waste management, and increasing awareness on the impact of air pollution on the public’s health.Worku TeferaAbera KumieKiros BerhaneFrank GillilandAlexandra LaiPiyaporn SricharoenvechJonathan PatzJonathan SametJames J. SchauerMDPI AGarticleambient air pollutionmotor vehiclesbiomass burningsoil dustseasonalitysource apportionmentMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11608, p 11608 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	ambient air pollution motor vehicles biomass burning soil dust seasonality source apportionment Medicine R
spellingShingle	ambient air pollution motor vehicles biomass burning soil dust seasonality source apportionment Medicine R Worku Tefera Abera Kumie Kiros Berhane Frank Gilliland Alexandra Lai Piyaporn Sricharoenvech Jonathan Patz Jonathan Samet James J. Schauer Source Apportionment of Fine Organic Particulate Matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in Central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
description	The development of infrastructure, a rapidly increasing population, and urbanization has resulted in increasing air pollution levels in the African city of Addis Ababa. Prior investigations into air pollution have not yet sufficiently addressed the sources of atmospheric particulate matter. This study aims to identify the major sources of fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and its seasonal contribution in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Twenty-four-hour average PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass samples were collected every 6th day, from November 2015 through November 2016. Chemical species were measured in samples and source apportionment was conducted using a chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model that uses particle-phase organic tracer concentrations to estimate source contributions to PM<sub>2.5</sub> organic carbon (OC) and the overall PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass. Vehicular sources (28%), biomass burning (18.3%), plus soil dust (17.4%) comprise about two-thirds of the PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass, followed by sulfate (6.5%). The sources of air pollution vary seasonally, particularly during the main wet season (June–September) and short rain season (February–April): From motor vehicles, (31.0 ± 2.6%) vs. (24.7 ± 1.2%); biomass burning, (21.5 ± 5%) vs. (14 ± 2%); and soil dust, (11 ± 6.4%) vs. (22.7 ± 8.4%), respectively, are amongst the three principal sources of ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass in the city. We suggest policy measures focusing on transportation, cleaner fuel or energy, waste management, and increasing awareness on the impact of air pollution on the public’s health.
format	article
author	Worku Tefera Abera Kumie Kiros Berhane Frank Gilliland Alexandra Lai Piyaporn Sricharoenvech Jonathan Patz Jonathan Samet James J. Schauer
author_facet	Worku Tefera Abera Kumie Kiros Berhane Frank Gilliland Alexandra Lai Piyaporn Sricharoenvech Jonathan Patz Jonathan Samet James J. Schauer
author_sort	Worku Tefera
title	Source Apportionment of Fine Organic Particulate Matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in Central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
title_short	Source Apportionment of Fine Organic Particulate Matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in Central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
title_full	Source Apportionment of Fine Organic Particulate Matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in Central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
title_fullStr	Source Apportionment of Fine Organic Particulate Matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in Central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
title_full_unstemmed	Source Apportionment of Fine Organic Particulate Matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in Central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
title_sort	source apportionment of fine organic particulate matter (pm<sub>2.5</sub>) in central addis ababa, ethiopia
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/53d59870474940a9a0ff92bcc7147bf7
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Source Apportionment of Fine Organic Particulate Matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in Central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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