Mapping the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES): A Case Study of Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India

An urban ecosystem’s ecological structure and functions can be assessed through Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES). USES are affected by human activities and environmental processes. The mapping of USESs are crucial for urban environmental sustainability, particularly in developing countries suc...

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Autores principales:	Manob Das, Arijit Das, Paulo Pereira, Asish Mandal
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	ecological structure urban surface ecological status (USES) remote sensing Kolkata Metropolitan Area environmental sustainability Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/542de18e09fd46db99155654a4c0b899
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:542de18e09fd46db99155654a4c0b899
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:542de18e09fd46db99155654a4c0b8992021-11-11T18:55:25ZMapping the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES): A Case Study of Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India10.3390/rs132143952072-4292https://doaj.org/article/542de18e09fd46db99155654a4c0b8992021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4395https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292An urban ecosystem’s ecological structure and functions can be assessed through Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES). USES are affected by human activities and environmental processes. The mapping of USESs are crucial for urban environmental sustainability, particularly in developing countries such as India. The COVID-19 pandemic caused unprecedented negative impacts on socio-economic domains; however, there was a reduction in human pressures on the environment. This study aims to assess the effects of lockdown on the USES in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India, during different lockdown phases (phases I, II and III). The land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and wetness and normalized difference soil index (NDSI) were assessed. The USES was developed by combining all of the biophysical parameters using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that there was a substantial USES spatial variability in KMA. During lockdown phase III, the USES in fair and poor sustainability areas decreased from 29% (2019) to 24% (2020), and from 33% (2019) to 25% (2020), respectively. Overall, the areas under poor USES decreased from 30% to 25% during lockdown periods. Our results also showed that the USES mean value was 0.49 in 2019but reached 0.34 during the lockdown period (a decrease of more than 30%). The poor USES area was mainly concentrated in built-up areas (with high LST and NDSI), compared to the rural fringe areas of KMA (high NDVI and wetness). The mapping of USES are crucial in different biophysical environmental conditions, and they can be very helpful for the assessment of urban sustainability.Manob DasArijit DasPaulo PereiraAsish MandalMDPI AGarticleecological structureurban surface ecological status (USES)remote sensingKolkata Metropolitan Areaenvironmental sustainabilityScienceQENRemote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4395, p 4395 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	ecological structure urban surface ecological status (USES) remote sensing Kolkata Metropolitan Area environmental sustainability Science Q
spellingShingle	ecological structure urban surface ecological status (USES) remote sensing Kolkata Metropolitan Area environmental sustainability Science Q Manob Das Arijit Das Paulo Pereira Asish Mandal Mapping the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES): A Case Study of Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India
description	An urban ecosystem’s ecological structure and functions can be assessed through Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES). USES are affected by human activities and environmental processes. The mapping of USESs are crucial for urban environmental sustainability, particularly in developing countries such as India. The COVID-19 pandemic caused unprecedented negative impacts on socio-economic domains; however, there was a reduction in human pressures on the environment. This study aims to assess the effects of lockdown on the USES in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India, during different lockdown phases (phases I, II and III). The land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and wetness and normalized difference soil index (NDSI) were assessed. The USES was developed by combining all of the biophysical parameters using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that there was a substantial USES spatial variability in KMA. During lockdown phase III, the USES in fair and poor sustainability areas decreased from 29% (2019) to 24% (2020), and from 33% (2019) to 25% (2020), respectively. Overall, the areas under poor USES decreased from 30% to 25% during lockdown periods. Our results also showed that the USES mean value was 0.49 in 2019but reached 0.34 during the lockdown period (a decrease of more than 30%). The poor USES area was mainly concentrated in built-up areas (with high LST and NDSI), compared to the rural fringe areas of KMA (high NDVI and wetness). The mapping of USES are crucial in different biophysical environmental conditions, and they can be very helpful for the assessment of urban sustainability.
format	article
author	Manob Das Arijit Das Paulo Pereira Asish Mandal
author_facet	Manob Das Arijit Das Paulo Pereira Asish Mandal
author_sort	Manob Das
title	Mapping the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES): A Case Study of Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India
title_short	Mapping the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES): A Case Study of Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India
title_full	Mapping the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES): A Case Study of Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India
title_fullStr	Mapping the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES): A Case Study of Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India
title_full_unstemmed	Mapping the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES): A Case Study of Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India
title_sort	mapping the impact of covid-19 lockdown on urban surface ecological status (uses): a case study of kolkata metropolitan area (kma), india
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/542de18e09fd46db99155654a4c0b899
work_keys_str_mv	AT manobdas mappingtheimpactofcovid19lockdownonurbansurfaceecologicalstatususesacasestudyofkolkatametropolitanareakmaindia AT arijitdas mappingtheimpactofcovid19lockdownonurbansurfaceecologicalstatususesacasestudyofkolkatametropolitanareakmaindia AT paulopereira mappingtheimpactofcovid19lockdownonurbansurfaceecologicalstatususesacasestudyofkolkatametropolitanareakmaindia AT asishmandal mappingtheimpactofcovid19lockdownonurbansurfaceecologicalstatususesacasestudyofkolkatametropolitanareakmaindia
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Mapping the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES): A Case Study of Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India

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