Simultaneous, noninvasive, and transdermal extraction of urea and homocysteine by reverse iontophoresis

Congo Tak-Shing Ching1,2,3, Tzong-Ru Chou1, Tai-Ping Sun1,2, Shiow-Yuan Huang3, Hsiu-Li Shieh21Graduate Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technology; 2Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan; 3Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia...

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Autores principales:	et al, Tai-Ping Sun, Congo Tak-Shing Ching, Tzong-Ru Chou
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2011
Materias:	Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/545d1adf2dc3415da7121c819134a049
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:545d1adf2dc3415da7121c819134a0492021-12-02T04:54:05ZSimultaneous, noninvasive, and transdermal extraction of urea and homocysteine by reverse iontophoresis1176-91141178-2013https://doaj.org/article/545d1adf2dc3415da7121c819134a0492011-02-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/simultaneous-noninvasive-and-transdermal-extraction-of-urea-and-homocy-a6397https://doaj.org/toc/1176-9114https://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Congo Tak-Shing Ching1,2,3, Tzong-Ru Chou1, Tai-Ping Sun1,2, Shiow-Yuan Huang3, Hsiu-Li Shieh21Graduate Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technology; 2Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan; 3Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of ChinaBackground: Cardiovascular and kidney diseases are a global public health problem and impose a huge economic burden on health care services. Homocysteine, an amino acid, is associated with coronary heart disease, while urea is a harmful metabolic substance which can be used to reflect kidney function. Monitoring of these two substances is therefore very important. This in vitro study aimed to determine whether homocysteine is extractable transdermally and noninvasively, and whether homocysteine and urea can be extracted simultaneously by reverse iontophoresis.Methods: A diffusion cell incorporated with porcine skin was used for all experiments with the application of a direct current (dc) and four different symmetrical biphasic direct currents (SBdc) for 12 minutes via Ag/AgCl electrodes. The dc and the SBdc had a current density of 0.3 mA/cm2.Results: The SBdc has four different phase durations of 15 sec, 30 sec, 60 sec, and 180 sec. It was found that homocysteine can be transdermally extracted by reverse iontophoresis. Simultaneous extraction of homocysteine and urea by reverse iontophoresis is also possible.Conclusion: These results suggest that extraction of homocysteine and urea by SBdc are phase duration-dependent, and the optimum mode for simultaneous homocysteine and urea extraction is the SBdc with the phase duration of 60 sec.Keywords: reverse iontophoresis, homocysteine, urea, monitoring, noninvasive, transdermal et alTai-Ping SunCongo Tak-Shing ChingTzong-Ru ChouDove Medical PressarticleMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol 2011, Iss default, Pp 417-423 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Medicine (General) R5-920 et al Tai-Ping Sun Congo Tak-Shing Ching Tzong-Ru Chou Simultaneous, noninvasive, and transdermal extraction of urea and homocysteine by reverse iontophoresis
description	Congo Tak-Shing Ching1,2,3, Tzong-Ru Chou1, Tai-Ping Sun1,2, Shiow-Yuan Huang3, Hsiu-Li Shieh21Graduate Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technology; 2Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan; 3Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of ChinaBackground: Cardiovascular and kidney diseases are a global public health problem and impose a huge economic burden on health care services. Homocysteine, an amino acid, is associated with coronary heart disease, while urea is a harmful metabolic substance which can be used to reflect kidney function. Monitoring of these two substances is therefore very important. This in vitro study aimed to determine whether homocysteine is extractable transdermally and noninvasively, and whether homocysteine and urea can be extracted simultaneously by reverse iontophoresis.Methods: A diffusion cell incorporated with porcine skin was used for all experiments with the application of a direct current (dc) and four different symmetrical biphasic direct currents (SBdc) for 12 minutes via Ag/AgCl electrodes. The dc and the SBdc had a current density of 0.3 mA/cm2.Results: The SBdc has four different phase durations of 15 sec, 30 sec, 60 sec, and 180 sec. It was found that homocysteine can be transdermally extracted by reverse iontophoresis. Simultaneous extraction of homocysteine and urea by reverse iontophoresis is also possible.Conclusion: These results suggest that extraction of homocysteine and urea by SBdc are phase duration-dependent, and the optimum mode for simultaneous homocysteine and urea extraction is the SBdc with the phase duration of 60 sec.Keywords: reverse iontophoresis, homocysteine, urea, monitoring, noninvasive, transdermal
format	article
author	et al Tai-Ping Sun Congo Tak-Shing Ching Tzong-Ru Chou
author_facet	et al Tai-Ping Sun Congo Tak-Shing Ching Tzong-Ru Chou
author_sort	et al
title	Simultaneous, noninvasive, and transdermal extraction of urea and homocysteine by reverse iontophoresis
title_short	Simultaneous, noninvasive, and transdermal extraction of urea and homocysteine by reverse iontophoresis
title_full	Simultaneous, noninvasive, and transdermal extraction of urea and homocysteine by reverse iontophoresis
title_fullStr	Simultaneous, noninvasive, and transdermal extraction of urea and homocysteine by reverse iontophoresis
title_full_unstemmed	Simultaneous, noninvasive, and transdermal extraction of urea and homocysteine by reverse iontophoresis
title_sort	simultaneous, noninvasive, and transdermal extraction of urea and homocysteine by reverse iontophoresis
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/545d1adf2dc3415da7121c819134a049
work_keys_str_mv	AT etal simultaneousnoninvasiveandtransdermalextractionofureaandhomocysteinebyreverseiontophoresis AT taipingsun simultaneousnoninvasiveandtransdermalextractionofureaandhomocysteinebyreverseiontophoresis AT congotakshingching simultaneousnoninvasiveandtransdermalextractionofureaandhomocysteinebyreverseiontophoresis AT tzongruchou simultaneousnoninvasiveandtransdermalextractionofureaandhomocysteinebyreverseiontophoresis
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Simultaneous, noninvasive, and transdermal extraction of urea and homocysteine by reverse iontophoresis

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