No taxonomy needed: Sponge functional morphologies inform about environmental conditions

The need to study sponge communities in comparatively inaccessible habitats led to a sponge classification system that relies on the strictly functional interpretation of traditional sponge morphologies. The aim is to deliver a standardised approach that can optionally be based on imagery and can be...

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Autor principal:	Christine Hanna Lydia Schönberg
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Porifera Growth form Community assessment Benthic survey Monitoring Proxy Ecology QH540-549.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5499e166454949cbaa68925f544885f2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5499e166454949cbaa68925f544885f22021-12-01T04:53:49ZNo taxonomy needed: Sponge functional morphologies inform about environmental conditions1470-160X10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107806https://doaj.org/article/5499e166454949cbaa68925f544885f22021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X21004714https://doaj.org/toc/1470-160XThe need to study sponge communities in comparatively inaccessible habitats led to a sponge classification system that relies on the strictly functional interpretation of traditional sponge morphologies. The aim is to deliver a standardised approach that can optionally be based on imagery and can be applied across all oceans and to any water depth. The system is designed to recognise community-level changes across time and space. The functional context allows a basic interpretation of environmental conditions and may thereby inform on the reasons for observed differences in prevailing morphologies. In terms of growth form sponges appear to respond most strongly to the flow regime and to sediments. Strong turbulent flow will favour low-relief, morphologically simple sponges that are often structurally reinforced and well attached, such as crusts and simple-massive forms. Laminar flow selects for two-dimensionally erect, vertically flattened, usually flexible sponges that are aligned broadside to the current, inhalant openings (ostiae) pointing upstream, and exhalant openings downstream (oscula). Flow strength is generally inversely related to number of erect sponges, to body height (except in globular sponges), oscular diameter, branch number and branch complexity. Where flow conditions reduce or limit access to water exchange and nutrients, sponges tend to separate in- and exhalants in cup-like forms, reach into the water column as erect and even stalked forms, and in cases of extreme nutrient limitation the community will consist predominantly of carnivorous sponges. Globular and fistular sponges are usually abundant where the substrate is dominated by sediments, and where sediment deposition or movement is high. Fine sediments will often exclude sponges with much horizontal surface area. Based on these insights, the proposed scheme uses four basic morphologies: functional 1 – crusts, 2 – massives, 3 – cups and 4 – erect sponges. These are further divided into sponges that function as 1 – true crusts, endolithic-bioeroding, and creeping sponges, 2 – simple-massive, globular massive, composite-massive, and fistular sponges, 3 – cups, tubes, and barrels, and 4 – one-dimensionally, two-dimensionally and three-dimensionally erect forms, stalked, and carnivorous sponges.Christine Hanna Lydia SchönbergElsevierarticlePoriferaGrowth formCommunity assessmentBenthic surveyMonitoringProxyEcologyQH540-549.5ENEcological Indicators, Vol 129, Iss , Pp 107806- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Porifera Growth form Community assessment Benthic survey Monitoring Proxy Ecology QH540-549.5
spellingShingle	Porifera Growth form Community assessment Benthic survey Monitoring Proxy Ecology QH540-549.5 Christine Hanna Lydia Schönberg No taxonomy needed: Sponge functional morphologies inform about environmental conditions
description	The need to study sponge communities in comparatively inaccessible habitats led to a sponge classification system that relies on the strictly functional interpretation of traditional sponge morphologies. The aim is to deliver a standardised approach that can optionally be based on imagery and can be applied across all oceans and to any water depth. The system is designed to recognise community-level changes across time and space. The functional context allows a basic interpretation of environmental conditions and may thereby inform on the reasons for observed differences in prevailing morphologies. In terms of growth form sponges appear to respond most strongly to the flow regime and to sediments. Strong turbulent flow will favour low-relief, morphologically simple sponges that are often structurally reinforced and well attached, such as crusts and simple-massive forms. Laminar flow selects for two-dimensionally erect, vertically flattened, usually flexible sponges that are aligned broadside to the current, inhalant openings (ostiae) pointing upstream, and exhalant openings downstream (oscula). Flow strength is generally inversely related to number of erect sponges, to body height (except in globular sponges), oscular diameter, branch number and branch complexity. Where flow conditions reduce or limit access to water exchange and nutrients, sponges tend to separate in- and exhalants in cup-like forms, reach into the water column as erect and even stalked forms, and in cases of extreme nutrient limitation the community will consist predominantly of carnivorous sponges. Globular and fistular sponges are usually abundant where the substrate is dominated by sediments, and where sediment deposition or movement is high. Fine sediments will often exclude sponges with much horizontal surface area. Based on these insights, the proposed scheme uses four basic morphologies: functional 1 – crusts, 2 – massives, 3 – cups and 4 – erect sponges. These are further divided into sponges that function as 1 – true crusts, endolithic-bioeroding, and creeping sponges, 2 – simple-massive, globular massive, composite-massive, and fistular sponges, 3 – cups, tubes, and barrels, and 4 – one-dimensionally, two-dimensionally and three-dimensionally erect forms, stalked, and carnivorous sponges.
format	article
author	Christine Hanna Lydia Schönberg
author_facet	Christine Hanna Lydia Schönberg
author_sort	Christine Hanna Lydia Schönberg
title	No taxonomy needed: Sponge functional morphologies inform about environmental conditions
title_short	No taxonomy needed: Sponge functional morphologies inform about environmental conditions
title_full	No taxonomy needed: Sponge functional morphologies inform about environmental conditions
title_fullStr	No taxonomy needed: Sponge functional morphologies inform about environmental conditions
title_full_unstemmed	No taxonomy needed: Sponge functional morphologies inform about environmental conditions
title_sort	no taxonomy needed: sponge functional morphologies inform about environmental conditions
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5499e166454949cbaa68925f544885f2
work_keys_str_mv	AT christinehannalydiaschonberg notaxonomyneededspongefunctionalmorphologiesinformaboutenvironmentalconditions
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No taxonomy needed: Sponge functional morphologies inform about environmental conditions

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