Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study.

Despite the extreme morphological variability of the canine species, data on limb development are limited and the time windows for the appearance of the limb ossification centres (OCs) reported in veterinary textbooks, considered universally valid for all dogs, are based on dated studies. The aim of...

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Autores principales:	Mariana Roccaro, Alessia Diana, Nikolina Linta, Riccardo Rinnovati, Marzia Freo, Angelo Peli
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/54ca3b76e22442dbb8e748e335b694f9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:54ca3b76e22442dbb8e748e335b694f92021-12-02T20:04:52ZLimb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0254788https://doaj.org/article/54ca3b76e22442dbb8e748e335b694f92021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254788https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Despite the extreme morphological variability of the canine species, data on limb development are limited and the time windows for the appearance of the limb ossification centres (OCs) reported in veterinary textbooks, considered universally valid for all dogs, are based on dated studies. The aim of this study was to acquire up-to-date information regarding the arm, forearm and leg bone development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs from 6 weeks to 16 weeks of age. Nine litters of 5 large-sized breeds (Boxer, German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Saarloos Wolfdog, White Swiss Shepherd Dog) were included, for a total of 54 dogs, which were subject to radiographic examination on a bi-weekly basis. The appearance of 18 limb OCs was recorded and 14 radiographic measurements were performed; their relationship with age and body weight was investigated and any breed differences were analysed using different statistical non-parametric tests. The number of OCs present was significantly different at 6 and 8 weeks of age between the investigated breeds. The appearance of the OCs occurred earlier in the Saarloos Wolfdog, while the Labrador Retriever was the later breed. In Boxers and Labrador Retrievers, various OCs showed a delayed appearance compared to the data reported in the literature. The number of OCs was strongly and positively correlated to body weight. Breed differences were also observed in the relative increase of the measured OCs and were not limited to dogs of different morphotypes. Statistically significant differences were most frequently observed between Saarloos Wolfdogs and the other breeds. The OCs that showed a greater variability in their development were the olecranon tuber, the patella and the tibial tuberosity. Their increase was more strongly correlated with the dog's age and body weight. Our data strongly suggest that differences in limb development exist in dog breeds of similar size and morphotype.Mariana RoccaroAlessia DianaNikolina LintaRiccardo RinnovatiMarzia FreoAngelo PeliPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 7, p e0254788 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Mariana Roccaro Alessia Diana Nikolina Linta Riccardo Rinnovati Marzia Freo Angelo Peli Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study.
description	Despite the extreme morphological variability of the canine species, data on limb development are limited and the time windows for the appearance of the limb ossification centres (OCs) reported in veterinary textbooks, considered universally valid for all dogs, are based on dated studies. The aim of this study was to acquire up-to-date information regarding the arm, forearm and leg bone development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs from 6 weeks to 16 weeks of age. Nine litters of 5 large-sized breeds (Boxer, German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Saarloos Wolfdog, White Swiss Shepherd Dog) were included, for a total of 54 dogs, which were subject to radiographic examination on a bi-weekly basis. The appearance of 18 limb OCs was recorded and 14 radiographic measurements were performed; their relationship with age and body weight was investigated and any breed differences were analysed using different statistical non-parametric tests. The number of OCs present was significantly different at 6 and 8 weeks of age between the investigated breeds. The appearance of the OCs occurred earlier in the Saarloos Wolfdog, while the Labrador Retriever was the later breed. In Boxers and Labrador Retrievers, various OCs showed a delayed appearance compared to the data reported in the literature. The number of OCs was strongly and positively correlated to body weight. Breed differences were also observed in the relative increase of the measured OCs and were not limited to dogs of different morphotypes. Statistically significant differences were most frequently observed between Saarloos Wolfdogs and the other breeds. The OCs that showed a greater variability in their development were the olecranon tuber, the patella and the tibial tuberosity. Their increase was more strongly correlated with the dog's age and body weight. Our data strongly suggest that differences in limb development exist in dog breeds of similar size and morphotype.
format	article
author	Mariana Roccaro Alessia Diana Nikolina Linta Riccardo Rinnovati Marzia Freo Angelo Peli
author_facet	Mariana Roccaro Alessia Diana Nikolina Linta Riccardo Rinnovati Marzia Freo Angelo Peli
author_sort	Mariana Roccaro
title	Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study.
title_short	Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study.
title_full	Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study.
title_fullStr	Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study.
title_full_unstemmed	Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study.
title_sort	limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: a radiographic study.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/54ca3b76e22442dbb8e748e335b694f9
work_keys_str_mv	AT marianaroccaro limbdevelopmentinskeletallyimmaturelargesizeddogsaradiographicstudy AT alessiadiana limbdevelopmentinskeletallyimmaturelargesizeddogsaradiographicstudy AT nikolinalinta limbdevelopmentinskeletallyimmaturelargesizeddogsaradiographicstudy AT riccardorinnovati limbdevelopmentinskeletallyimmaturelargesizeddogsaradiographicstudy AT marziafreo limbdevelopmentinskeletallyimmaturelargesizeddogsaradiographicstudy AT angelopeli limbdevelopmentinskeletallyimmaturelargesizeddogsaradiographicstudy
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Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study.

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