Exploring the Impact of the Microbiome on Neuroactive Steroid Levels in Germ-Free Animals

Steroid hormones are essential biomolecules for human physiology as they modulate the endocrine system, nervous function and behaviour. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota is directly involved in the production and metabolism of steroid hormones in the periphery. However, the influence...

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Autores principales:	Silvia Diviccaro, Valentina Caputi, Lucia Cioffi, Silvia Giatti, Joshua M. Lyte, Donatella Caruso, Siobhain M. O’Mahony, Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry hippocampus cerebellum cerebral cortex hypothalamus plasma Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5562d33f45b841fd84d431d9e8d3f203
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5562d33f45b841fd84d431d9e8d3f2032021-11-25T17:57:44ZExploring the Impact of the Microbiome on Neuroactive Steroid Levels in Germ-Free Animals10.3390/ijms2222125511422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/5562d33f45b841fd84d431d9e8d3f2032021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12551https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Steroid hormones are essential biomolecules for human physiology as they modulate the endocrine system, nervous function and behaviour. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota is directly involved in the production and metabolism of steroid hormones in the periphery. However, the influence of the gut microbiota on levels of steroids acting and present in the brain (i.e., neuroactive steroids) is not fully understood. Therefore, using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, we assessed the levels of several neuroactive steroids in various brain areas and the plasma of germ-free (GF) male mice and conventionally colonized controls. The data obtained indicate an increase in allopregnanolone levels associated with a decrease in those of 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol (3α-diol) in the plasma of GF mice. Moreover, an increase of dihydroprogesterone and isoallopregnanolone in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex was also reported. Changes in dihydrotestosterone and 3α-diol levels were also observed in the hippocampus of GF mice. In addition, an increase in dehydroepiandrosterone was associated with a decrease in testosterone levels in the hypothalamus of GF mice. Our findings suggest that the absence of microbes affects the neuroactive steroids in the periphery and the brain, supporting the evidence of a microbiota-mediated modulation of neuroendocrine pathways involved in preserving host brain functioning.Silvia DiviccaroValentina CaputiLucia CioffiSilvia GiattiJoshua M. LyteDonatella CarusoSiobhain M. O’MahonyRoberto Cosimo MelcangiMDPI AGarticleliquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometryhippocampuscerebellumcerebral cortexhypothalamusplasmaBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12551, p 12551 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry hippocampus cerebellum cerebral cortex hypothalamus plasma Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry hippocampus cerebellum cerebral cortex hypothalamus plasma Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Silvia Diviccaro Valentina Caputi Lucia Cioffi Silvia Giatti Joshua M. Lyte Donatella Caruso Siobhain M. O’Mahony Roberto Cosimo Melcangi Exploring the Impact of the Microbiome on Neuroactive Steroid Levels in Germ-Free Animals
description	Steroid hormones are essential biomolecules for human physiology as they modulate the endocrine system, nervous function and behaviour. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota is directly involved in the production and metabolism of steroid hormones in the periphery. However, the influence of the gut microbiota on levels of steroids acting and present in the brain (i.e., neuroactive steroids) is not fully understood. Therefore, using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, we assessed the levels of several neuroactive steroids in various brain areas and the plasma of germ-free (GF) male mice and conventionally colonized controls. The data obtained indicate an increase in allopregnanolone levels associated with a decrease in those of 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol (3α-diol) in the plasma of GF mice. Moreover, an increase of dihydroprogesterone and isoallopregnanolone in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex was also reported. Changes in dihydrotestosterone and 3α-diol levels were also observed in the hippocampus of GF mice. In addition, an increase in dehydroepiandrosterone was associated with a decrease in testosterone levels in the hypothalamus of GF mice. Our findings suggest that the absence of microbes affects the neuroactive steroids in the periphery and the brain, supporting the evidence of a microbiota-mediated modulation of neuroendocrine pathways involved in preserving host brain functioning.
format	article
author	Silvia Diviccaro Valentina Caputi Lucia Cioffi Silvia Giatti Joshua M. Lyte Donatella Caruso Siobhain M. O’Mahony Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
author_facet	Silvia Diviccaro Valentina Caputi Lucia Cioffi Silvia Giatti Joshua M. Lyte Donatella Caruso Siobhain M. O’Mahony Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
author_sort	Silvia Diviccaro
title	Exploring the Impact of the Microbiome on Neuroactive Steroid Levels in Germ-Free Animals
title_short	Exploring the Impact of the Microbiome on Neuroactive Steroid Levels in Germ-Free Animals
title_full	Exploring the Impact of the Microbiome on Neuroactive Steroid Levels in Germ-Free Animals
title_fullStr	Exploring the Impact of the Microbiome on Neuroactive Steroid Levels in Germ-Free Animals
title_full_unstemmed	Exploring the Impact of the Microbiome on Neuroactive Steroid Levels in Germ-Free Animals
title_sort	exploring the impact of the microbiome on neuroactive steroid levels in germ-free animals
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5562d33f45b841fd84d431d9e8d3f203
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Exploring the Impact of the Microbiome on Neuroactive Steroid Levels in Germ-Free Animals

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