New insights into placozoan sexual reproduction and development.

Unraveling animal life cycles and embryonic development is basic to understanding animal biology and often sheds light on phylogenetic relationships. A key group for understanding the evolution of the Metazoa is the early branching phylum Placozoa, which has attracted rapidly increasing attention. D...

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Autores principales:	Michael Eitel, Loretta Guidi, Heike Hadrys, Maria Balsamo, Bernd Schierwater
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5629f9751f4c4b558f84f4e578702710
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5629f9751f4c4b558f84f4e5787027102021-11-18T06:53:38ZNew insights into placozoan sexual reproduction and development.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0019639https://doaj.org/article/5629f9751f4c4b558f84f4e5787027102011-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21625556/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Unraveling animal life cycles and embryonic development is basic to understanding animal biology and often sheds light on phylogenetic relationships. A key group for understanding the evolution of the Metazoa is the early branching phylum Placozoa, which has attracted rapidly increasing attention. Despite over a hundred years of placozoan research the life cycle of this enigmatic phylum remains unknown. Placozoa are a unique model system for which the nuclear genome was published before the basic biology (i.e. life cycle and development) has been unraveled. Four organismal studies have reported the development of oocytes and one genetic study has nourished the hypothesis of sexual reproduction in natural populations at least in the past. Here we report new observations on sexual reproduction and embryonic development in the Placozoa and support the hypothesis of current sexual reproduction. The regular observation of oocytes and expressed sperm markers provide support that placozoans reproduce sexually in the field. Using whole genome and EST sequences and additional cDNA cloning we identified five conserved sperm markers, characteristic for different stages in spermatogenesis. We also report details on the embryonic development up to a 128-cell stage and new ultrastructural features occurring during early development. These results suggest that sperm and oocyte generation and maturation occur in different placozoans and that clonal lineages reproduce bisexually in addition to the standard mode of vegetative reproduction. The sum of observations is best congruent with the hypothesis of a simple life cycle with an alternation of reproductive modes between bisexual and vegetative reproduction.Michael EitelLoretta GuidiHeike HadrysMaria BalsamoBernd SchierwaterPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 5, p e19639 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Michael Eitel Loretta Guidi Heike Hadrys Maria Balsamo Bernd Schierwater New insights into placozoan sexual reproduction and development.
description	Unraveling animal life cycles and embryonic development is basic to understanding animal biology and often sheds light on phylogenetic relationships. A key group for understanding the evolution of the Metazoa is the early branching phylum Placozoa, which has attracted rapidly increasing attention. Despite over a hundred years of placozoan research the life cycle of this enigmatic phylum remains unknown. Placozoa are a unique model system for which the nuclear genome was published before the basic biology (i.e. life cycle and development) has been unraveled. Four organismal studies have reported the development of oocytes and one genetic study has nourished the hypothesis of sexual reproduction in natural populations at least in the past. Here we report new observations on sexual reproduction and embryonic development in the Placozoa and support the hypothesis of current sexual reproduction. The regular observation of oocytes and expressed sperm markers provide support that placozoans reproduce sexually in the field. Using whole genome and EST sequences and additional cDNA cloning we identified five conserved sperm markers, characteristic for different stages in spermatogenesis. We also report details on the embryonic development up to a 128-cell stage and new ultrastructural features occurring during early development. These results suggest that sperm and oocyte generation and maturation occur in different placozoans and that clonal lineages reproduce bisexually in addition to the standard mode of vegetative reproduction. The sum of observations is best congruent with the hypothesis of a simple life cycle with an alternation of reproductive modes between bisexual and vegetative reproduction.
format	article
author	Michael Eitel Loretta Guidi Heike Hadrys Maria Balsamo Bernd Schierwater
author_facet	Michael Eitel Loretta Guidi Heike Hadrys Maria Balsamo Bernd Schierwater
author_sort	Michael Eitel
title	New insights into placozoan sexual reproduction and development.
title_short	New insights into placozoan sexual reproduction and development.
title_full	New insights into placozoan sexual reproduction and development.
title_fullStr	New insights into placozoan sexual reproduction and development.
title_full_unstemmed	New insights into placozoan sexual reproduction and development.
title_sort	new insights into placozoan sexual reproduction and development.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/5629f9751f4c4b558f84f4e578702710
work_keys_str_mv	AT michaeleitel newinsightsintoplacozoansexualreproductionanddevelopment AT lorettaguidi newinsightsintoplacozoansexualreproductionanddevelopment AT heikehadrys newinsightsintoplacozoansexualreproductionanddevelopment AT mariabalsamo newinsightsintoplacozoansexualreproductionanddevelopment AT berndschierwater newinsightsintoplacozoansexualreproductionanddevelopment
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New insights into placozoan sexual reproduction and development.

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