Polarization of Type 1 Macrophages Is Associated with the Severity of Viral Encephalitis Caused by Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Dengue Virus

Infection with flaviviruses causes mild to severe diseases, including viral hemorrhagic fever, vascular shock syndrome, and viral encephalitis. Several animal models explore the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis, as shown by neuron destruction due to neurotoxicity after viral infection. While neuro...

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Autores principales:	Ming-Kai Jhan, Chia-Ling Chen, Ting-Jing Shen, Po-Chun Tseng, Yung-Ting Wang, Rahmat Dani Satria, Chia-Yi Yu, Chiou-Feng Lin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	flavivirus dengue virus encephalitis macrophage polarization Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/56797f7370064a3bab0a2363f9601c09
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:56797f7370064a3bab0a2363f9601c092021-11-25T17:12:28ZPolarization of Type 1 Macrophages Is Associated with the Severity of Viral Encephalitis Caused by Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Dengue Virus10.3390/cells101131812073-4409https://doaj.org/article/56797f7370064a3bab0a2363f9601c092021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3181https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409Infection with flaviviruses causes mild to severe diseases, including viral hemorrhagic fever, vascular shock syndrome, and viral encephalitis. Several animal models explore the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis, as shown by neuron destruction due to neurotoxicity after viral infection. While neuronal cells are injuries caused by inflammatory cytokine production following microglial/macrophage activation, the blockade of inflammatory cytokines can reduce neurotoxicity to improve the survival rate. This study investigated the involvement of macrophage phenotypes in facilitating CNS inflammation and neurotoxicity during flavivirus infection, including the Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus. Mice infected with different flaviviruses presented encephalitis-like symptoms, including limbic seizure and paralysis. Histology indicated that brain lesions were identified in the hippocampus and surrounded by mononuclear cells. In those regions, both the infiltrated macrophages and resident microglia were significantly increased. RNA-seq analysis showed the gene profile shifting toward type 1 macrophage (M1) polarization, while M1 markers validated this phenomenon. Pharmacologically blocking C-C chemokine receptor 2 and tumor necrosis factor-α partly retarded DENV-induced M1 polarization. In summary, flavivirus infection, such as JEV and DENV, promoted type 1 macrophage polarization in the brain associated with encephalitic severity.Ming-Kai JhanChia-Ling ChenTing-Jing ShenPo-Chun TsengYung-Ting WangRahmat Dani SatriaChia-Yi YuChiou-Feng LinMDPI AGarticleflavivirusdengue virusencephalitismacrophagepolarizationBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENCells, Vol 10, Iss 3181, p 3181 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	flavivirus dengue virus encephalitis macrophage polarization Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	flavivirus dengue virus encephalitis macrophage polarization Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Ming-Kai Jhan Chia-Ling Chen Ting-Jing Shen Po-Chun Tseng Yung-Ting Wang Rahmat Dani Satria Chia-Yi Yu Chiou-Feng Lin Polarization of Type 1 Macrophages Is Associated with the Severity of Viral Encephalitis Caused by Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Dengue Virus
description	Infection with flaviviruses causes mild to severe diseases, including viral hemorrhagic fever, vascular shock syndrome, and viral encephalitis. Several animal models explore the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis, as shown by neuron destruction due to neurotoxicity after viral infection. While neuronal cells are injuries caused by inflammatory cytokine production following microglial/macrophage activation, the blockade of inflammatory cytokines can reduce neurotoxicity to improve the survival rate. This study investigated the involvement of macrophage phenotypes in facilitating CNS inflammation and neurotoxicity during flavivirus infection, including the Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus. Mice infected with different flaviviruses presented encephalitis-like symptoms, including limbic seizure and paralysis. Histology indicated that brain lesions were identified in the hippocampus and surrounded by mononuclear cells. In those regions, both the infiltrated macrophages and resident microglia were significantly increased. RNA-seq analysis showed the gene profile shifting toward type 1 macrophage (M1) polarization, while M1 markers validated this phenomenon. Pharmacologically blocking C-C chemokine receptor 2 and tumor necrosis factor-α partly retarded DENV-induced M1 polarization. In summary, flavivirus infection, such as JEV and DENV, promoted type 1 macrophage polarization in the brain associated with encephalitic severity.
format	article
author	Ming-Kai Jhan Chia-Ling Chen Ting-Jing Shen Po-Chun Tseng Yung-Ting Wang Rahmat Dani Satria Chia-Yi Yu Chiou-Feng Lin
author_facet	Ming-Kai Jhan Chia-Ling Chen Ting-Jing Shen Po-Chun Tseng Yung-Ting Wang Rahmat Dani Satria Chia-Yi Yu Chiou-Feng Lin
author_sort	Ming-Kai Jhan
title	Polarization of Type 1 Macrophages Is Associated with the Severity of Viral Encephalitis Caused by Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Dengue Virus
title_short	Polarization of Type 1 Macrophages Is Associated with the Severity of Viral Encephalitis Caused by Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Dengue Virus
title_full	Polarization of Type 1 Macrophages Is Associated with the Severity of Viral Encephalitis Caused by Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Dengue Virus
title_fullStr	Polarization of Type 1 Macrophages Is Associated with the Severity of Viral Encephalitis Caused by Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Dengue Virus
title_full_unstemmed	Polarization of Type 1 Macrophages Is Associated with the Severity of Viral Encephalitis Caused by Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Dengue Virus
title_sort	polarization of type 1 macrophages is associated with the severity of viral encephalitis caused by japanese encephalitis virus and dengue virus
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/56797f7370064a3bab0a2363f9601c09
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Polarization of Type 1 Macrophages Is Associated with the Severity of Viral Encephalitis Caused by Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Dengue Virus

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