Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk

Mammographic density is an important risk factor for breast cancer; women with extremely dense breasts have a four to six fold increased risk of breast cancer compared to women with mostly fatty breasts, when matched with age and body mass index. High mammographic density is characterised by high pr...

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Autores principales:	Maddison Archer, Pallave Dasari, Andreas Evdokiou, Wendy V. Ingman
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	mammographic density breast cancer risk immune signaling inflammation hormones fibroblasts Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/56b3b5d0813c4a6db3bd9f5536b7e7bc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:56b3b5d0813c4a6db3bd9f5536b7e7bc2021-11-11T15:29:46ZBiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk10.3390/cancers132153912072-6694https://doaj.org/article/56b3b5d0813c4a6db3bd9f5536b7e7bc2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/21/5391https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6694Mammographic density is an important risk factor for breast cancer; women with extremely dense breasts have a four to six fold increased risk of breast cancer compared to women with mostly fatty breasts, when matched with age and body mass index. High mammographic density is characterised by high proportions of stroma, containing fibroblasts, collagen and immune cells that suggest a pro-tumour inflammatory microenvironment. However, the biological mechanisms that drive increased mammographic density and the associated increased risk of breast cancer are not yet understood. Inflammatory factors such as monocyte chemotactic protein 1, peroxidase enzymes, transforming growth factor beta, and tumour necrosis factor alpha have been implicated in breast development as well as breast cancer risk, and also influence functions of stromal fibroblasts. Here, the current knowledge and understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms that lead to high mammographic density and the associated increased risk of breast cancer are reviewed, with particular consideration to potential immune factors that may contribute to this process.Maddison ArcherPallave DasariAndreas EvdokiouWendy V. IngmanMDPI AGarticlemammographic densitybreast cancer riskimmune signalinginflammationhormonesfibroblastsNeoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogensRC254-282ENCancers, Vol 13, Iss 5391, p 5391 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	mammographic density breast cancer risk immune signaling inflammation hormones fibroblasts Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282
spellingShingle	mammographic density breast cancer risk immune signaling inflammation hormones fibroblasts Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282 Maddison Archer Pallave Dasari Andreas Evdokiou Wendy V. Ingman Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk
description	Mammographic density is an important risk factor for breast cancer; women with extremely dense breasts have a four to six fold increased risk of breast cancer compared to women with mostly fatty breasts, when matched with age and body mass index. High mammographic density is characterised by high proportions of stroma, containing fibroblasts, collagen and immune cells that suggest a pro-tumour inflammatory microenvironment. However, the biological mechanisms that drive increased mammographic density and the associated increased risk of breast cancer are not yet understood. Inflammatory factors such as monocyte chemotactic protein 1, peroxidase enzymes, transforming growth factor beta, and tumour necrosis factor alpha have been implicated in breast development as well as breast cancer risk, and also influence functions of stromal fibroblasts. Here, the current knowledge and understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms that lead to high mammographic density and the associated increased risk of breast cancer are reviewed, with particular consideration to potential immune factors that may contribute to this process.
format	article
author	Maddison Archer Pallave Dasari Andreas Evdokiou Wendy V. Ingman
author_facet	Maddison Archer Pallave Dasari Andreas Evdokiou Wendy V. Ingman
author_sort	Maddison Archer
title	Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk
title_short	Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk
title_full	Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk
title_fullStr	Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk
title_full_unstemmed	Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk
title_sort	biological mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities in mammographic density and breast cancer risk
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/56b3b5d0813c4a6db3bd9f5536b7e7bc
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Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk

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