The Evolutionary Volte-Face of Transposable Elements: From Harmful Jumping Genes to Major Drivers of Genetic Innovation

Transposable elements (TEs) are self-replicating DNA elements that constitute major fractions of eukaryote genomes. Their ability to transpose can modify the genome structure with potentially deleterious effects. To repress TE activity, host cells have developed numerous strategies, including epigen...

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Autores principales:	Melody Nicolau, Nathalie Picault, Guillaume Moissiard
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	transposable elements silencing epigenetics exaptation Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5708ce632ac14b0a9aada31beb428fc5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5708ce632ac14b0a9aada31beb428fc52021-11-25T17:09:45ZThe Evolutionary Volte-Face of Transposable Elements: From Harmful Jumping Genes to Major Drivers of Genetic Innovation10.3390/cells101129522073-4409https://doaj.org/article/5708ce632ac14b0a9aada31beb428fc52021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/2952https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409Transposable elements (TEs) are self-replicating DNA elements that constitute major fractions of eukaryote genomes. Their ability to transpose can modify the genome structure with potentially deleterious effects. To repress TE activity, host cells have developed numerous strategies, including epigenetic pathways, such as DNA methylation or histone modifications. Although TE neo-insertions are mostly deleterious or neutral, they can become advantageous for the host under specific circumstances. The phenomenon leading to the appropriation of TE-derived sequences by the host is known as TE exaptation or co-option. TE exaptation can be of different natures, through the production of coding or non-coding DNA sequences with ultimately an adaptive benefit for the host. In this review, we first give new insights into the silencing pathways controlling TE activity. We then discuss a model to explain how, under specific environmental conditions, TEs are unleashed, leading to a TE burst and neo-insertions, with potential benefits for the host. Finally, we review our current knowledge of coding and non-coding TE exaptation by providing several examples in various organisms and describing a method to identify TE co-option events.Melody NicolauNathalie PicaultGuillaume MoissiardMDPI AGarticletransposable elementssilencingepigeneticsexaptationBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENCells, Vol 10, Iss 2952, p 2952 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	transposable elements silencing epigenetics exaptation Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	transposable elements silencing epigenetics exaptation Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Melody Nicolau Nathalie Picault Guillaume Moissiard The Evolutionary Volte-Face of Transposable Elements: From Harmful Jumping Genes to Major Drivers of Genetic Innovation
description	Transposable elements (TEs) are self-replicating DNA elements that constitute major fractions of eukaryote genomes. Their ability to transpose can modify the genome structure with potentially deleterious effects. To repress TE activity, host cells have developed numerous strategies, including epigenetic pathways, such as DNA methylation or histone modifications. Although TE neo-insertions are mostly deleterious or neutral, they can become advantageous for the host under specific circumstances. The phenomenon leading to the appropriation of TE-derived sequences by the host is known as TE exaptation or co-option. TE exaptation can be of different natures, through the production of coding or non-coding DNA sequences with ultimately an adaptive benefit for the host. In this review, we first give new insights into the silencing pathways controlling TE activity. We then discuss a model to explain how, under specific environmental conditions, TEs are unleashed, leading to a TE burst and neo-insertions, with potential benefits for the host. Finally, we review our current knowledge of coding and non-coding TE exaptation by providing several examples in various organisms and describing a method to identify TE co-option events.
format	article
author	Melody Nicolau Nathalie Picault Guillaume Moissiard
author_facet	Melody Nicolau Nathalie Picault Guillaume Moissiard
author_sort	Melody Nicolau
title	The Evolutionary Volte-Face of Transposable Elements: From Harmful Jumping Genes to Major Drivers of Genetic Innovation
title_short	The Evolutionary Volte-Face of Transposable Elements: From Harmful Jumping Genes to Major Drivers of Genetic Innovation
title_full	The Evolutionary Volte-Face of Transposable Elements: From Harmful Jumping Genes to Major Drivers of Genetic Innovation
title_fullStr	The Evolutionary Volte-Face of Transposable Elements: From Harmful Jumping Genes to Major Drivers of Genetic Innovation
title_full_unstemmed	The Evolutionary Volte-Face of Transposable Elements: From Harmful Jumping Genes to Major Drivers of Genetic Innovation
title_sort	evolutionary volte-face of transposable elements: from harmful jumping genes to major drivers of genetic innovation
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5708ce632ac14b0a9aada31beb428fc5
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The Evolutionary Volte-Face of Transposable Elements: From Harmful Jumping Genes to Major Drivers of Genetic Innovation

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