Atypical for northern ungulates, energy metabolism is lowest during summer in female wild boars (Sus scrofa)

Abstract Typically, large ungulates show a single seasonal peak of heart rate, a proxy of energy expenditure, in early summer. Different to other large ungulates, wild boar females had peak heart rates early in the year (at ~ April, 1), which likely indicates high costs of reproduction. This peak wa...

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Autores principales:	Thomas Ruf, Sebastian G. Vetter, Johanna Painer, Gabrielle Stalder, Claudia Bieber
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5749aaf7488143ba9c24413c4d84c355
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5749aaf7488143ba9c24413c4d84c3552021-12-02T18:02:23ZAtypical for northern ungulates, energy metabolism is lowest during summer in female wild boars (Sus scrofa)10.1038/s41598-021-97825-z2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/5749aaf7488143ba9c24413c4d84c3552021-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97825-zhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Typically, large ungulates show a single seasonal peak of heart rate, a proxy of energy expenditure, in early summer. Different to other large ungulates, wild boar females had peak heart rates early in the year (at ~ April, 1), which likely indicates high costs of reproduction. This peak was followed by a trough over summer and a secondary summit in autumn/early winter, which coincided with the mast seeding of oak trees and the mating season. Wild boars counteracted the effects of cold temperatures by decreasing subcutaneous body temperature by peripheral vasoconstriction. They also passively gained solar radiation energy by basking in the sun. However, the shape of the seasonal rhythm in HR indicates that it was apparently not primarily caused by thermoregulatory costs but by the costs of reproduction. Wild boar farrow early in the year, visible in high HRs and sudden changes in intraperitoneal body temperature of females. Arguably, a prerequisite for this early reproduction as well as for high energy metabolism over winter is the broad variety of food consumed by this species, i.e., the omnivorous lifestyle. Extremely warm and dry summers, as experienced during the study years (2017, 2018), may increasingly become a bottleneck for food intake of wild boar.Thomas RufSebastian G. VetterJohanna PainerGabrielle StalderClaudia BieberNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Thomas Ruf Sebastian G. Vetter Johanna Painer Gabrielle Stalder Claudia Bieber Atypical for northern ungulates, energy metabolism is lowest during summer in female wild boars (Sus scrofa)
description	Abstract Typically, large ungulates show a single seasonal peak of heart rate, a proxy of energy expenditure, in early summer. Different to other large ungulates, wild boar females had peak heart rates early in the year (at ~ April, 1), which likely indicates high costs of reproduction. This peak was followed by a trough over summer and a secondary summit in autumn/early winter, which coincided with the mast seeding of oak trees and the mating season. Wild boars counteracted the effects of cold temperatures by decreasing subcutaneous body temperature by peripheral vasoconstriction. They also passively gained solar radiation energy by basking in the sun. However, the shape of the seasonal rhythm in HR indicates that it was apparently not primarily caused by thermoregulatory costs but by the costs of reproduction. Wild boar farrow early in the year, visible in high HRs and sudden changes in intraperitoneal body temperature of females. Arguably, a prerequisite for this early reproduction as well as for high energy metabolism over winter is the broad variety of food consumed by this species, i.e., the omnivorous lifestyle. Extremely warm and dry summers, as experienced during the study years (2017, 2018), may increasingly become a bottleneck for food intake of wild boar.
format	article
author	Thomas Ruf Sebastian G. Vetter Johanna Painer Gabrielle Stalder Claudia Bieber
author_facet	Thomas Ruf Sebastian G. Vetter Johanna Painer Gabrielle Stalder Claudia Bieber
author_sort	Thomas Ruf
title	Atypical for northern ungulates, energy metabolism is lowest during summer in female wild boars (Sus scrofa)
title_short	Atypical for northern ungulates, energy metabolism is lowest during summer in female wild boars (Sus scrofa)
title_full	Atypical for northern ungulates, energy metabolism is lowest during summer in female wild boars (Sus scrofa)
title_fullStr	Atypical for northern ungulates, energy metabolism is lowest during summer in female wild boars (Sus scrofa)
title_full_unstemmed	Atypical for northern ungulates, energy metabolism is lowest during summer in female wild boars (Sus scrofa)
title_sort	atypical for northern ungulates, energy metabolism is lowest during summer in female wild boars (sus scrofa)
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5749aaf7488143ba9c24413c4d84c355
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Atypical for northern ungulates, energy metabolism is lowest during summer in female wild boars (Sus scrofa)

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