Establishment of normal gut microbiota is compromised under excessive hygiene conditions.

<h4>Background</h4>Early gut colonization events are purported to have a major impact on the incidence of infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in later life. Hence, factors which influence this process may have important implications for both human and animal health. Previous...

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Autores principales:	Bettina Schmidt, Imke E Mulder, Corran C Musk, Rustam I Aminov, Marie Lewis, Christopher R Stokes, Mick Bailey, James I Prosser, Bhupinder P Gill, John R Pluske, Denise Kelly
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/57a4bba8bf77426c87efe69e1874b047
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:57a4bba8bf77426c87efe69e1874b0472021-11-18T07:33:09ZEstablishment of normal gut microbiota is compromised under excessive hygiene conditions.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0028284https://doaj.org/article/57a4bba8bf77426c87efe69e1874b0472011-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22164261/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Early gut colonization events are purported to have a major impact on the incidence of infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in later life. Hence, factors which influence this process may have important implications for both human and animal health. Previously, we demonstrated strong influences of early-life environment on gut microbiota composition in adult pigs. Here, we sought to further investigate the impact of limiting microbial exposure during early life on the development of the pig gut microbiota.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Outdoor- and indoor-reared animals, exposed to the microbiota in their natural rearing environment for the first two days of life, were transferred to an isolator facility and adult gut microbial diversity was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. From a total of 2,196 high-quality 16S rRNA gene sequences, 440 phylotypes were identified in the outdoor group and 431 phylotypes in the indoor group. The majority of clones were assigned to the four phyla Firmicutes (67.5% of all sequences), Proteobacteria (17.7%), Bacteroidetes (13.5%) and to a lesser extent, Actinobacteria (0.1%). Although the initial maternal and environmental microbial inoculum of isolator-reared animals was identical to that of their naturally-reared littermates, the microbial succession and stabilization events reported previously in naturally-reared outdoor animals did not occur. In contrast, the gut microbiota of isolator-reared animals remained highly diverse containing a large number of distinct phylotypes.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>The results documented here indicate that establishment and development of the normal gut microbiota requires continuous microbial exposure during the early stages of life and this process is compromised under conditions of excessive hygiene.Bettina SchmidtImke E MulderCorran C MuskRustam I AminovMarie LewisChristopher R StokesMick BaileyJames I ProsserBhupinder P GillJohn R PluskeDenise KellyPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 12, p e28284 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Bettina Schmidt Imke E Mulder Corran C Musk Rustam I Aminov Marie Lewis Christopher R Stokes Mick Bailey James I Prosser Bhupinder P Gill John R Pluske Denise Kelly Establishment of normal gut microbiota is compromised under excessive hygiene conditions.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Early gut colonization events are purported to have a major impact on the incidence of infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in later life. Hence, factors which influence this process may have important implications for both human and animal health. Previously, we demonstrated strong influences of early-life environment on gut microbiota composition in adult pigs. Here, we sought to further investigate the impact of limiting microbial exposure during early life on the development of the pig gut microbiota.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Outdoor- and indoor-reared animals, exposed to the microbiota in their natural rearing environment for the first two days of life, were transferred to an isolator facility and adult gut microbial diversity was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. From a total of 2,196 high-quality 16S rRNA gene sequences, 440 phylotypes were identified in the outdoor group and 431 phylotypes in the indoor group. The majority of clones were assigned to the four phyla Firmicutes (67.5% of all sequences), Proteobacteria (17.7%), Bacteroidetes (13.5%) and to a lesser extent, Actinobacteria (0.1%). Although the initial maternal and environmental microbial inoculum of isolator-reared animals was identical to that of their naturally-reared littermates, the microbial succession and stabilization events reported previously in naturally-reared outdoor animals did not occur. In contrast, the gut microbiota of isolator-reared animals remained highly diverse containing a large number of distinct phylotypes.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>The results documented here indicate that establishment and development of the normal gut microbiota requires continuous microbial exposure during the early stages of life and this process is compromised under conditions of excessive hygiene.
format	article
author	Bettina Schmidt Imke E Mulder Corran C Musk Rustam I Aminov Marie Lewis Christopher R Stokes Mick Bailey James I Prosser Bhupinder P Gill John R Pluske Denise Kelly
author_facet	Bettina Schmidt Imke E Mulder Corran C Musk Rustam I Aminov Marie Lewis Christopher R Stokes Mick Bailey James I Prosser Bhupinder P Gill John R Pluske Denise Kelly
author_sort	Bettina Schmidt
title	Establishment of normal gut microbiota is compromised under excessive hygiene conditions.
title_short	Establishment of normal gut microbiota is compromised under excessive hygiene conditions.
title_full	Establishment of normal gut microbiota is compromised under excessive hygiene conditions.
title_fullStr	Establishment of normal gut microbiota is compromised under excessive hygiene conditions.
title_full_unstemmed	Establishment of normal gut microbiota is compromised under excessive hygiene conditions.
title_sort	establishment of normal gut microbiota is compromised under excessive hygiene conditions.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/57a4bba8bf77426c87efe69e1874b047
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Establishment of normal gut microbiota is compromised under excessive hygiene conditions.

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