Associations of Sex Hormones and Hormonal Status With Arterial Stiffness in a Female Sample From Reproductive Years to Menopause

ObjectiveLoss of sex hormones has been suggested to underlie menopause-associated increment in cardiovascular risk. We investigated associations of sex hormones with arterial stiffness in 19–58-years-old women. We also studied associations of specific hormonal stages, including natural menstrual cyc...

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Autores principales:	Eija K. Laakkonen, Jari E. Karppinen, Satu Lehti, Earric Lee, Emilia Pesonen, Hanna-Kaarina Juppi, Urho M. Kujala, Eero A. Haapala, Pauliina Aukee, Jari A. Laukkanen, Johanna K. Ihalainen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	vascular aging vascular stiffness pulse wave analysis reproductive hormones menstruation hormonal contraception Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology RC648-665
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5817b5b385ae421294eafaefaeaf2833
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5817b5b385ae421294eafaefaeaf28332021-12-01T18:21:31ZAssociations of Sex Hormones and Hormonal Status With Arterial Stiffness in a Female Sample From Reproductive Years to Menopause1664-239210.3389/fendo.2021.765916https://doaj.org/article/5817b5b385ae421294eafaefaeaf28332021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2021.765916/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-2392ObjectiveLoss of sex hormones has been suggested to underlie menopause-associated increment in cardiovascular risk. We investigated associations of sex hormones with arterial stiffness in 19–58-years-old women. We also studied associations of specific hormonal stages, including natural menstrual cycle, cycle with combined oral contraceptives (COC) and menopausal status with or without hormone therapy (HT), with arterial stiffness.MethodsThis study includes repeated measurements of 65 healthy women representing reproductive (n=16 natural, n=10 COC-users) and menopause (n=5 perimenopausal, n=26 postmenopausal, n=8 HT-users) stages. Arterial stiffness outcomes were aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao) and augmentation index (AIx%) assessed using Arteriograph-device. Generalized estimating equation models were constructed to investigate associations of each hormone (wide age-range models) or hormonal stage (age-group focused models) with arterial stiffness. PWVao models with cross-sectional approach, were adjusted for age, relative fitness, fat mass and mean arterial pressure, while models with longitudinal approach were adjusted for mean arterial pressure. AIx% models used the same approach for adjustments and were also adjusted for heart rate.ResultsNegative and positive associations with arterial stiffness variables were observed for estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone, respectively, until adjustment for confounding effect of age. In naturally menstruating women, AIx% was higher at ovulation (B=3.63, p<0.001) compared to the early follicular phase. In COC-users, PWVao was lower during active (B=-0.33 - -0.57, p<0.05) than inactive pills. In menopausal women, HT-users had higher PWVao (B=1.43, p=0.03) than postmenopausal non-HT-users.ConclusionsWhen using wide age-range assessments covering reproductive to menopausal lifespan it is difficult to differentiate age- and hormone-mediated associations, because age-mediated influence on arterial stiffness seemed to overrule potential hormone-mediated influences. However, hormonal status associated differentially with arterial stiffness in age-group focused analyses. Thus, the role of sex hormones cannot be excluded. Further research is warranted to resolve potential hormone-mediated mechanisms affecting arterial elasticity.Eija K. LaakkonenEija K. LaakkonenJari E. KarppinenSatu LehtiSatu LehtiEarric LeeEmilia PesonenHanna-Kaarina JuppiHanna-Kaarina JuppiUrho M. KujalaEero A. HaapalaEero A. HaapalaPauliina AukeeJari A. LaukkanenJari A. LaukkanenJohanna K. IhalainenFrontiers Media S.A.articlevascular agingvascular stiffnesspulse wave analysisreproductive hormonesmenstruationhormonal contraceptionDiseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinologyRC648-665ENFrontiers in Endocrinology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	vascular aging vascular stiffness pulse wave analysis reproductive hormones menstruation hormonal contraception Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology RC648-665
spellingShingle	vascular aging vascular stiffness pulse wave analysis reproductive hormones menstruation hormonal contraception Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology RC648-665 Eija K. Laakkonen Eija K. Laakkonen Jari E. Karppinen Satu Lehti Satu Lehti Earric Lee Emilia Pesonen Hanna-Kaarina Juppi Hanna-Kaarina Juppi Urho M. Kujala Eero A. Haapala Eero A. Haapala Pauliina Aukee Jari A. Laukkanen Jari A. Laukkanen Johanna K. Ihalainen Associations of Sex Hormones and Hormonal Status With Arterial Stiffness in a Female Sample From Reproductive Years to Menopause
description	ObjectiveLoss of sex hormones has been suggested to underlie menopause-associated increment in cardiovascular risk. We investigated associations of sex hormones with arterial stiffness in 19–58-years-old women. We also studied associations of specific hormonal stages, including natural menstrual cycle, cycle with combined oral contraceptives (COC) and menopausal status with or without hormone therapy (HT), with arterial stiffness.MethodsThis study includes repeated measurements of 65 healthy women representing reproductive (n=16 natural, n=10 COC-users) and menopause (n=5 perimenopausal, n=26 postmenopausal, n=8 HT-users) stages. Arterial stiffness outcomes were aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao) and augmentation index (AIx%) assessed using Arteriograph-device. Generalized estimating equation models were constructed to investigate associations of each hormone (wide age-range models) or hormonal stage (age-group focused models) with arterial stiffness. PWVao models with cross-sectional approach, were adjusted for age, relative fitness, fat mass and mean arterial pressure, while models with longitudinal approach were adjusted for mean arterial pressure. AIx% models used the same approach for adjustments and were also adjusted for heart rate.ResultsNegative and positive associations with arterial stiffness variables were observed for estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone, respectively, until adjustment for confounding effect of age. In naturally menstruating women, AIx% was higher at ovulation (B=3.63, p<0.001) compared to the early follicular phase. In COC-users, PWVao was lower during active (B=-0.33 - -0.57, p<0.05) than inactive pills. In menopausal women, HT-users had higher PWVao (B=1.43, p=0.03) than postmenopausal non-HT-users.ConclusionsWhen using wide age-range assessments covering reproductive to menopausal lifespan it is difficult to differentiate age- and hormone-mediated associations, because age-mediated influence on arterial stiffness seemed to overrule potential hormone-mediated influences. However, hormonal status associated differentially with arterial stiffness in age-group focused analyses. Thus, the role of sex hormones cannot be excluded. Further research is warranted to resolve potential hormone-mediated mechanisms affecting arterial elasticity.
format	article
author	Eija K. Laakkonen Eija K. Laakkonen Jari E. Karppinen Satu Lehti Satu Lehti Earric Lee Emilia Pesonen Hanna-Kaarina Juppi Hanna-Kaarina Juppi Urho M. Kujala Eero A. Haapala Eero A. Haapala Pauliina Aukee Jari A. Laukkanen Jari A. Laukkanen Johanna K. Ihalainen
author_facet	Eija K. Laakkonen Eija K. Laakkonen Jari E. Karppinen Satu Lehti Satu Lehti Earric Lee Emilia Pesonen Hanna-Kaarina Juppi Hanna-Kaarina Juppi Urho M. Kujala Eero A. Haapala Eero A. Haapala Pauliina Aukee Jari A. Laukkanen Jari A. Laukkanen Johanna K. Ihalainen
author_sort	Eija K. Laakkonen
title	Associations of Sex Hormones and Hormonal Status With Arterial Stiffness in a Female Sample From Reproductive Years to Menopause
title_short	Associations of Sex Hormones and Hormonal Status With Arterial Stiffness in a Female Sample From Reproductive Years to Menopause
title_full	Associations of Sex Hormones and Hormonal Status With Arterial Stiffness in a Female Sample From Reproductive Years to Menopause
title_fullStr	Associations of Sex Hormones and Hormonal Status With Arterial Stiffness in a Female Sample From Reproductive Years to Menopause
title_full_unstemmed	Associations of Sex Hormones and Hormonal Status With Arterial Stiffness in a Female Sample From Reproductive Years to Menopause
title_sort	associations of sex hormones and hormonal status with arterial stiffness in a female sample from reproductive years to menopause
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5817b5b385ae421294eafaefaeaf2833
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Associations of Sex Hormones and Hormonal Status With Arterial Stiffness in a Female Sample From Reproductive Years to Menopause

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