Quantitative Comparison of Power Densities Related to Electromagnetic Near-Field Exposures With Safety Guidelines From 6 to 100 GHz

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the differences between the various definitions of spatially averaged power densities (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) for localized exposure to electromagnetic near-...

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Autores principales:	Kun Li, Kensuke Sasaki, Kanako Wake, Teruo Onishi, Soichi Watanabe
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	IEEE 2021
Materias:	Electromagnetic fields dosimetry radiation safety near-field power density temperature elevation Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/58955329f7644cdf994a78f60d849074
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:58955329f7644cdf994a78f60d8490742021-11-11T00:01:14ZQuantitative Comparison of Power Densities Related to Electromagnetic Near-Field Exposures With Safety Guidelines From 6 to 100 GHz2169-353610.1109/ACCESS.2021.3105608https://doaj.org/article/58955329f7644cdf994a78f60d8490742021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9514895/https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the differences between the various definitions of spatially averaged power densities (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) for localized exposure to electromagnetic near-fields at frequencies from 6 to 100 GHz. The spatially averaged modulus of the complex Poynting vector (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{mod}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and spatially averaged norm of the real part of the complex Poynting vector (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{norm}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) were compared using numerical approaches, where their relationships with the spatially averaged absorbed power density (<italic>sAPD</italic>) and the local peak temperature elevation on skin tissue were analyzed. Our results demonstrated that outside the typical boundary of the reactive near-field, i.e., <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$> \lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/(<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\pi$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), which is used as a rough guide of the applicable condition for reference levels in the RF safety guidelines, but at most 10 mm from the radiation source, the maximum difference between <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{norm}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{mod}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is smaller than 0.7 dB from 6 to 100 GHz. For the appropriate conditions recommended in the RF safety guidelines, the differences between the ratios of <italic>sAPD</italic> to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and those for the plane-wave normal incidence, are at most 1.4 dB and 0.9 dB for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{norm}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{mod}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively. Under the same condition, the ratios of the temperature rise to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for the relatively small antennas (total dimension less than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\lambda$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) do not significantly exceed that for the plane-wave normal incidence, which means that the expected maximum temperature rise is lower than the temperature rise that is derived from the operational health effect threshold in terms of the temperature rise divided with the reduction factors employed in the RF safety guidelines. The above results provide suggestive evidence that the effect of the definition of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> on the human exposure characteristics is not significant compared with those of the other factors, i.e., the antenna type (size), frequency, distance from the source, and averaging area.Kun LiKensuke SasakiKanako WakeTeruo OnishiSoichi WatanabeIEEEarticleElectromagnetic fieldsdosimetryradiation safetynear-fieldpower densitytemperature elevationElectrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineeringTK1-9971ENIEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 115801-115812 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Electromagnetic fields dosimetry radiation safety near-field power density temperature elevation Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971
spellingShingle	Electromagnetic fields dosimetry radiation safety near-field power density temperature elevation Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971 Kun Li Kensuke Sasaki Kanako Wake Teruo Onishi Soichi Watanabe Quantitative Comparison of Power Densities Related to Electromagnetic Near-Field Exposures With Safety Guidelines From 6 to 100 GHz
description	This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the differences between the various definitions of spatially averaged power densities (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) for localized exposure to electromagnetic near-fields at frequencies from 6 to 100 GHz. The spatially averaged modulus of the complex Poynting vector (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{mod}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and spatially averaged norm of the real part of the complex Poynting vector (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{norm}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) were compared using numerical approaches, where their relationships with the spatially averaged absorbed power density (<italic>sAPD</italic>) and the local peak temperature elevation on skin tissue were analyzed. Our results demonstrated that outside the typical boundary of the reactive near-field, i.e., <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$> \lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/(<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\pi$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), which is used as a rough guide of the applicable condition for reference levels in the RF safety guidelines, but at most 10 mm from the radiation source, the maximum difference between <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{norm}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{mod}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is smaller than 0.7 dB from 6 to 100 GHz. For the appropriate conditions recommended in the RF safety guidelines, the differences between the ratios of <italic>sAPD</italic> to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and those for the plane-wave normal incidence, are at most 1.4 dB and 0.9 dB for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{norm}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{mod}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively. Under the same condition, the ratios of the temperature rise to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for the relatively small antennas (total dimension less than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\lambda$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) do not significantly exceed that for the plane-wave normal incidence, which means that the expected maximum temperature rise is lower than the temperature rise that is derived from the operational health effect threshold in terms of the temperature rise divided with the reduction factors employed in the RF safety guidelines. The above results provide suggestive evidence that the effect of the definition of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$sIPD_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> on the human exposure characteristics is not significant compared with those of the other factors, i.e., the antenna type (size), frequency, distance from the source, and averaging area.
format	article
author	Kun Li Kensuke Sasaki Kanako Wake Teruo Onishi Soichi Watanabe
author_facet	Kun Li Kensuke Sasaki Kanako Wake Teruo Onishi Soichi Watanabe
author_sort	Kun Li
title	Quantitative Comparison of Power Densities Related to Electromagnetic Near-Field Exposures With Safety Guidelines From 6 to 100 GHz
title_short	Quantitative Comparison of Power Densities Related to Electromagnetic Near-Field Exposures With Safety Guidelines From 6 to 100 GHz
title_full	Quantitative Comparison of Power Densities Related to Electromagnetic Near-Field Exposures With Safety Guidelines From 6 to 100 GHz
title_fullStr	Quantitative Comparison of Power Densities Related to Electromagnetic Near-Field Exposures With Safety Guidelines From 6 to 100 GHz
title_full_unstemmed	Quantitative Comparison of Power Densities Related to Electromagnetic Near-Field Exposures With Safety Guidelines From 6 to 100 GHz
title_sort	quantitative comparison of power densities related to electromagnetic near-field exposures with safety guidelines from 6 to 100 ghz
publisher	IEEE
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/58955329f7644cdf994a78f60d849074
work_keys_str_mv	AT kunli quantitativecomparisonofpowerdensitiesrelatedtoelectromagneticnearfieldexposureswithsafetyguidelinesfrom6to100ghz AT kensukesasaki quantitativecomparisonofpowerdensitiesrelatedtoelectromagneticnearfieldexposureswithsafetyguidelinesfrom6to100ghz AT kanakowake quantitativecomparisonofpowerdensitiesrelatedtoelectromagneticnearfieldexposureswithsafetyguidelinesfrom6to100ghz AT teruoonishi quantitativecomparisonofpowerdensitiesrelatedtoelectromagneticnearfieldexposureswithsafetyguidelinesfrom6to100ghz AT soichiwatanabe quantitativecomparisonofpowerdensitiesrelatedtoelectromagneticnearfieldexposureswithsafetyguidelinesfrom6to100ghz
_version_	1718439586683682816

Quantitative Comparison of Power Densities Related to Electromagnetic Near-Field Exposures With Safety Guidelines From 6 to 100 GHz

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