Investigation on the Implementation of Optical Refinements in the Partrthenon Frieze Reliefs

Issues related to visual representations as perspective distortions, optical illusions and refinements were known in antiquity, since a number of architectural monuments are illustrative of such practices. The Parthenon of Acropolis in Athens is a relevant example where this knowledge was probably...

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Autores principales:	Konstantinos-Dionysios Bouzakis, Dimitrios Pantermalis, Areti Sakellaridou, Athina-Antonia Bouzaki, Marianthi Grigoriadou, Ioannis Mirisidis
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN FR
Publicado:	Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing 2016
Materias:	Parthenon west frieze perspective distortion anthropometric proportions optical refinements Ancient history D51-90 History of the arts NX440-632
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/58e0822ac32c4a0baac3ec86bb090a24
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:58e0822ac32c4a0baac3ec86bb090a242021-11-27T13:19:18ZInvestigation on the Implementation of Optical Refinements in the Partrthenon Frieze Reliefs10.12797/SAAC.20.2016.20.031899-15482449-867Xhttps://doaj.org/article/58e0822ac32c4a0baac3ec86bb090a242016-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.akademicka.pl/saac/article/view/3113https://doaj.org/toc/1899-1548https://doaj.org/toc/2449-867X Issues related to visual representations as perspective distortions, optical illusions and refinements were known in antiquity, since a number of architectural monuments are illustrative of such practices. The Parthenon of Acropolis in Athens is a relevant example where this knowledge was probably applied. The present paper aims at providing analytically documented evidence of whether optical refinements were considered in adjusting the background level inclination of the Parthenon west frieze reliefs and in the design of the carved human figures. For this reason, the implementation of optical refinements for avoiding perspective distortions is elucidated and the calculations for their prediction described. Employing this mathematical analysis, optical refinements related to the west frieze reliefs and their background inclination were determined. These diminish optical illusions when a region of the frieze blocks’ is observed from a viewpoint on the stylobates’ level between two columns. Also presented are characteristic anthropometric proportions per interna- -tional standards, and their modifications when optical refinements are applied. These modified proportions of a human body are compared to those of human figures carved on the Parthenon west frieze blocks. The latter were determined via evaluation of their digital data obtained by means of 3D laser scanning. What was revealed, was an impressive conformity between the reliefs’ background inclination along with the depicted human body proportions of the Parthenon frieze, and the corresponding ones calculated for avoiding optical illusions due to perspective distortions. These findings give substantial weight to the hypothesis that optical refinements were implemented in the Parthenon west frieze. However, they cannot exclude the fact that the human body proportions followed aesthetic rules and norms of the Parthenon construction period. Konstantinos-Dionysios BouzakisDimitrios PantermalisAreti SakellaridouAthina-Antonia BouzakiMarianthi GrigoriadouIoannis MirisidisKsiegarnia Akademicka PublishingarticleParthenon west friezeperspective distortionanthropometric proportionsoptical refinementsAncient historyD51-90History of the artsNX440-632ENFRStudies in Ancient Art and Civilization, Vol 20 (2016)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN FR
topic	Parthenon west frieze perspective distortion anthropometric proportions optical refinements Ancient history D51-90 History of the arts NX440-632
spellingShingle	Parthenon west frieze perspective distortion anthropometric proportions optical refinements Ancient history D51-90 History of the arts NX440-632 Konstantinos-Dionysios Bouzakis Dimitrios Pantermalis Areti Sakellaridou Athina-Antonia Bouzaki Marianthi Grigoriadou Ioannis Mirisidis Investigation on the Implementation of Optical Refinements in the Partrthenon Frieze Reliefs
description	Issues related to visual representations as perspective distortions, optical illusions and refinements were known in antiquity, since a number of architectural monuments are illustrative of such practices. The Parthenon of Acropolis in Athens is a relevant example where this knowledge was probably applied. The present paper aims at providing analytically documented evidence of whether optical refinements were considered in adjusting the background level inclination of the Parthenon west frieze reliefs and in the design of the carved human figures. For this reason, the implementation of optical refinements for avoiding perspective distortions is elucidated and the calculations for their prediction described. Employing this mathematical analysis, optical refinements related to the west frieze reliefs and their background inclination were determined. These diminish optical illusions when a region of the frieze blocks’ is observed from a viewpoint on the stylobates’ level between two columns. Also presented are characteristic anthropometric proportions per interna- -tional standards, and their modifications when optical refinements are applied. These modified proportions of a human body are compared to those of human figures carved on the Parthenon west frieze blocks. The latter were determined via evaluation of their digital data obtained by means of 3D laser scanning. What was revealed, was an impressive conformity between the reliefs’ background inclination along with the depicted human body proportions of the Parthenon frieze, and the corresponding ones calculated for avoiding optical illusions due to perspective distortions. These findings give substantial weight to the hypothesis that optical refinements were implemented in the Parthenon west frieze. However, they cannot exclude the fact that the human body proportions followed aesthetic rules and norms of the Parthenon construction period.
format	article
author	Konstantinos-Dionysios Bouzakis Dimitrios Pantermalis Areti Sakellaridou Athina-Antonia Bouzaki Marianthi Grigoriadou Ioannis Mirisidis
author_facet	Konstantinos-Dionysios Bouzakis Dimitrios Pantermalis Areti Sakellaridou Athina-Antonia Bouzaki Marianthi Grigoriadou Ioannis Mirisidis
author_sort	Konstantinos-Dionysios Bouzakis
title	Investigation on the Implementation of Optical Refinements in the Partrthenon Frieze Reliefs
title_short	Investigation on the Implementation of Optical Refinements in the Partrthenon Frieze Reliefs
title_full	Investigation on the Implementation of Optical Refinements in the Partrthenon Frieze Reliefs
title_fullStr	Investigation on the Implementation of Optical Refinements in the Partrthenon Frieze Reliefs
title_full_unstemmed	Investigation on the Implementation of Optical Refinements in the Partrthenon Frieze Reliefs
title_sort	investigation on the implementation of optical refinements in the partrthenon frieze reliefs
publisher	Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing
publishDate	2016
url	https://doaj.org/article/58e0822ac32c4a0baac3ec86bb090a24
work_keys_str_mv	AT konstantinosdionysiosbouzakis investigationontheimplementationofopticalrefinementsinthepartrthenonfriezereliefs AT dimitriospantermalis investigationontheimplementationofopticalrefinementsinthepartrthenonfriezereliefs AT aretisakellaridou investigationontheimplementationofopticalrefinementsinthepartrthenonfriezereliefs AT athinaantoniabouzaki investigationontheimplementationofopticalrefinementsinthepartrthenonfriezereliefs AT marianthigrigoriadou investigationontheimplementationofopticalrefinementsinthepartrthenonfriezereliefs AT ioannismirisidis investigationontheimplementationofopticalrefinementsinthepartrthenonfriezereliefs
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Investigation on the Implementation of Optical Refinements in the Partrthenon Frieze Reliefs

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