Perspectives towards Sub-Ångström Working Regime of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser with Low-Emittance Electron Beams

Sub-ångström working regime refers to a working state of free-electron lasers which allows the generation of hard X-rays at a photon wavelength of 1 ångström and below, that is, a photon energy of 12.5 keV and above. It is demonstrated that the accelerators of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser...

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Autores principales:	Ye Chen, Frank Brinker, Winfried Decking, Matthias Scholz, Lutz Winkelmann
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	sub-ångström free-electron lasers SASE low-emittance start-to-end simulations Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/599b30e7311c4a04aeaabc023b72e5a9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:599b30e7311c4a04aeaabc023b72e5a92021-11-25T16:37:42ZPerspectives towards Sub-Ångström Working Regime of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser with Low-Emittance Electron Beams10.3390/app1122107682076-3417https://doaj.org/article/599b30e7311c4a04aeaabc023b72e5a92021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/22/10768https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417Sub-ångström working regime refers to a working state of free-electron lasers which allows the generation of hard X-rays at a photon wavelength of 1 ångström and below, that is, a photon energy of 12.5 keV and above. It is demonstrated that the accelerators of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser can provide highly energetic electron beams of up to 17.5 GeV. Along with long variable-gap undulators, the facility offers superior conditions for exploring self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) in the sub-ångström regime. However, the overall FEL performance relies quantitatively on achievable electron beam qualities through a kilometers-long accelerator beamline. Low-emittance electron beam production and the associated start-to-end beam physics thus becomes a prerequisite to dig in the potentials of SASE performance towards higher photon energies. In this article, we present the obtained results on electron beam qualities produced with different accelerating gradients of 40 MV/m–56 MV/m at the cathode, as well as the final beam qualities in front of the undulators via start-to-end simulations considering realistic conditions. SASE studies in the sub-ångström regime, using optimized electron beams, are carried out at varied energy levels according to the present state of the facility, that is, a pulsed mode operating with a 10 Hz-repetition 0.65 ms-long bunch train energized to 14 GeV and 17.5 GeV. Millijoule-level SASE intensity is obtained at a photon energy of 25 keV at 14 GeV electron beam energy using a gain length of about 7 m. At 17.5 GeV, half-millijoule lasing is achieved at 40 keV. Lasing at up to 50 keV is demonstrated with pulse energies in the range of a few hundreds and tens of microjoules with existing undulators and currently achievable electron beam qualities.Ye ChenFrank BrinkerWinfried DeckingMatthias ScholzLutz WinkelmannMDPI AGarticlesub-ångströmfree-electron lasersSASElow-emittancestart-to-end simulationsTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10768, p 10768 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	sub-ångström free-electron lasers SASE low-emittance start-to-end simulations Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	sub-ångström free-electron lasers SASE low-emittance start-to-end simulations Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Ye Chen Frank Brinker Winfried Decking Matthias Scholz Lutz Winkelmann Perspectives towards Sub-Ångström Working Regime of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser with Low-Emittance Electron Beams
description	Sub-ångström working regime refers to a working state of free-electron lasers which allows the generation of hard X-rays at a photon wavelength of 1 ångström and below, that is, a photon energy of 12.5 keV and above. It is demonstrated that the accelerators of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser can provide highly energetic electron beams of up to 17.5 GeV. Along with long variable-gap undulators, the facility offers superior conditions for exploring self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) in the sub-ångström regime. However, the overall FEL performance relies quantitatively on achievable electron beam qualities through a kilometers-long accelerator beamline. Low-emittance electron beam production and the associated start-to-end beam physics thus becomes a prerequisite to dig in the potentials of SASE performance towards higher photon energies. In this article, we present the obtained results on electron beam qualities produced with different accelerating gradients of 40 MV/m–56 MV/m at the cathode, as well as the final beam qualities in front of the undulators via start-to-end simulations considering realistic conditions. SASE studies in the sub-ångström regime, using optimized electron beams, are carried out at varied energy levels according to the present state of the facility, that is, a pulsed mode operating with a 10 Hz-repetition 0.65 ms-long bunch train energized to 14 GeV and 17.5 GeV. Millijoule-level SASE intensity is obtained at a photon energy of 25 keV at 14 GeV electron beam energy using a gain length of about 7 m. At 17.5 GeV, half-millijoule lasing is achieved at 40 keV. Lasing at up to 50 keV is demonstrated with pulse energies in the range of a few hundreds and tens of microjoules with existing undulators and currently achievable electron beam qualities.
format	article
author	Ye Chen Frank Brinker Winfried Decking Matthias Scholz Lutz Winkelmann
author_facet	Ye Chen Frank Brinker Winfried Decking Matthias Scholz Lutz Winkelmann
author_sort	Ye Chen
title	Perspectives towards Sub-Ångström Working Regime of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser with Low-Emittance Electron Beams
title_short	Perspectives towards Sub-Ångström Working Regime of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser with Low-Emittance Electron Beams
title_full	Perspectives towards Sub-Ångström Working Regime of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser with Low-Emittance Electron Beams
title_fullStr	Perspectives towards Sub-Ångström Working Regime of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser with Low-Emittance Electron Beams
title_full_unstemmed	Perspectives towards Sub-Ångström Working Regime of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser with Low-Emittance Electron Beams
title_sort	perspectives towards sub-ångström working regime of the european x-ray free-electron laser with low-emittance electron beams
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/599b30e7311c4a04aeaabc023b72e5a9
work_keys_str_mv	AT yechen perspectivestowardssubangstromworkingregimeoftheeuropeanxrayfreeelectronlaserwithlowemittanceelectronbeams AT frankbrinker perspectivestowardssubangstromworkingregimeoftheeuropeanxrayfreeelectronlaserwithlowemittanceelectronbeams AT winfrieddecking perspectivestowardssubangstromworkingregimeoftheeuropeanxrayfreeelectronlaserwithlowemittanceelectronbeams AT matthiasscholz perspectivestowardssubangstromworkingregimeoftheeuropeanxrayfreeelectronlaserwithlowemittanceelectronbeams AT lutzwinkelmann perspectivestowardssubangstromworkingregimeoftheeuropeanxrayfreeelectronlaserwithlowemittanceelectronbeams
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Perspectives towards Sub-Ångström Working Regime of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser with Low-Emittance Electron Beams

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