Sampling and selection of butterfly indicators for general surveillance of genetically modified maize in north-east Spain

Genetically modified (GM) maize has been cultivated commercially in Spain since 1998. Although long-term environmental monitoring to detect unexpected environmental effects of GM crops (General Surveillance, GS) is compulsory in the EU, GS currently has a very low capacity to detect adverse effects...

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Autores principales:	Marina S. Lee, Agnès Ardanuy, Alejandro Juárez-Escario, Ramon Albajes
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Environmental monitoring Farmland Non-target Lepidoptera Genetically engineered crops Bt effects Herbicide effects Ecology QH540-549.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5a0ced269b6b4f5a9c1230bc66b0a530
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5a0ced269b6b4f5a9c1230bc66b0a5302021-12-01T04:44:54ZSampling and selection of butterfly indicators for general surveillance of genetically modified maize in north-east Spain1470-160X10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107380https://doaj.org/article/5a0ced269b6b4f5a9c1230bc66b0a5302021-05-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X21000455https://doaj.org/toc/1470-160XGenetically modified (GM) maize has been cultivated commercially in Spain since 1998. Although long-term environmental monitoring to detect unexpected environmental effects of GM crops (General Surveillance, GS) is compulsory in the EU, GS currently has a very low capacity to detect adverse effects on the environment. This study aimed to increase the feasibility of GS of GM maize expressing insect-resistance (Bt) and herbicide tolerance (HT) traits by using butterflies as models.Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) were sampled using transect-counts in three differentiated maize-growing regions in north-east Spain. Five transects were established per region and sampled three times per season in two consecutive years. Transects were 300 m long, including 100 m sections in field margins, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and non-crop vegetation. In addition, butterfly larvae were sampled during maize anthesis in field margins in Lleida region and distribution of larval host plants in maize agroecosystems was assessed in the three regions.Field data and literature were used to construct a step-by-step selection process to identify appropriate butterfly indicators for monitoring effects of GM maize cultivation. In addition, suitable multispecies indicators were constructed. The required sampling effort to detect effects using these butterfly indicators was estimated by prospective power analysis.We identified 41 butterfly species, including three protected species. Most species were potentially exposed to GM maize cultivation effects because their larval host plants were present in maize fields, margins and neighbouring habitats. We identified larvae of four butterflies in maize field margins, the most abundant of which was Carcharodus alceae. It would be possible to detect a 30% population change by sampling its host plants Malva spp. in 35 to 95 site pairs.When we applied the selection procedure, the most appropriate species for monitoring depended on the region considered. Across regions, the sampling effort using selected indicators was lowest for multispecies groups (i.e. 15–32 site pairs for butterfly abundance) and for the single species Pieris napi and Polyommatus icarus (24–84 and 27–87 site pairs respectively). These indicators could be monitored through existing butterfly monitoring schemes as part of a wider environmental monitoring in agricultural regions to assess impacts of agri-environmental management.Marina S. LeeAgnès ArdanuyAlejandro Juárez-EscarioRamon AlbajesElsevierarticleEnvironmental monitoringFarmlandNon-target LepidopteraGenetically engineered cropsBt effectsHerbicide effectsEcologyQH540-549.5ENEcological Indicators, Vol 124, Iss , Pp 107380- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Environmental monitoring Farmland Non-target Lepidoptera Genetically engineered crops Bt effects Herbicide effects Ecology QH540-549.5
spellingShingle	Environmental monitoring Farmland Non-target Lepidoptera Genetically engineered crops Bt effects Herbicide effects Ecology QH540-549.5 Marina S. Lee Agnès Ardanuy Alejandro Juárez-Escario Ramon Albajes Sampling and selection of butterfly indicators for general surveillance of genetically modified maize in north-east Spain
description	Genetically modified (GM) maize has been cultivated commercially in Spain since 1998. Although long-term environmental monitoring to detect unexpected environmental effects of GM crops (General Surveillance, GS) is compulsory in the EU, GS currently has a very low capacity to detect adverse effects on the environment. This study aimed to increase the feasibility of GS of GM maize expressing insect-resistance (Bt) and herbicide tolerance (HT) traits by using butterflies as models.Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) were sampled using transect-counts in three differentiated maize-growing regions in north-east Spain. Five transects were established per region and sampled three times per season in two consecutive years. Transects were 300 m long, including 100 m sections in field margins, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and non-crop vegetation. In addition, butterfly larvae were sampled during maize anthesis in field margins in Lleida region and distribution of larval host plants in maize agroecosystems was assessed in the three regions.Field data and literature were used to construct a step-by-step selection process to identify appropriate butterfly indicators for monitoring effects of GM maize cultivation. In addition, suitable multispecies indicators were constructed. The required sampling effort to detect effects using these butterfly indicators was estimated by prospective power analysis.We identified 41 butterfly species, including three protected species. Most species were potentially exposed to GM maize cultivation effects because their larval host plants were present in maize fields, margins and neighbouring habitats. We identified larvae of four butterflies in maize field margins, the most abundant of which was Carcharodus alceae. It would be possible to detect a 30% population change by sampling its host plants Malva spp. in 35 to 95 site pairs.When we applied the selection procedure, the most appropriate species for monitoring depended on the region considered. Across regions, the sampling effort using selected indicators was lowest for multispecies groups (i.e. 15–32 site pairs for butterfly abundance) and for the single species Pieris napi and Polyommatus icarus (24–84 and 27–87 site pairs respectively). These indicators could be monitored through existing butterfly monitoring schemes as part of a wider environmental monitoring in agricultural regions to assess impacts of agri-environmental management.
format	article
author	Marina S. Lee Agnès Ardanuy Alejandro Juárez-Escario Ramon Albajes
author_facet	Marina S. Lee Agnès Ardanuy Alejandro Juárez-Escario Ramon Albajes
author_sort	Marina S. Lee
title	Sampling and selection of butterfly indicators for general surveillance of genetically modified maize in north-east Spain
title_short	Sampling and selection of butterfly indicators for general surveillance of genetically modified maize in north-east Spain
title_full	Sampling and selection of butterfly indicators for general surveillance of genetically modified maize in north-east Spain
title_fullStr	Sampling and selection of butterfly indicators for general surveillance of genetically modified maize in north-east Spain
title_full_unstemmed	Sampling and selection of butterfly indicators for general surveillance of genetically modified maize in north-east Spain
title_sort	sampling and selection of butterfly indicators for general surveillance of genetically modified maize in north-east spain
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5a0ced269b6b4f5a9c1230bc66b0a530
work_keys_str_mv	AT marinaslee samplingandselectionofbutterflyindicatorsforgeneralsurveillanceofgeneticallymodifiedmaizeinnortheastspain AT agnesardanuy samplingandselectionofbutterflyindicatorsforgeneralsurveillanceofgeneticallymodifiedmaizeinnortheastspain AT alejandrojuarezescario samplingandselectionofbutterflyindicatorsforgeneralsurveillanceofgeneticallymodifiedmaizeinnortheastspain AT ramonalbajes samplingandselectionofbutterflyindicatorsforgeneralsurveillanceofgeneticallymodifiedmaizeinnortheastspain
_version_	1718405775844442112

Sampling and selection of butterfly indicators for general surveillance of genetically modified maize in north-east Spain

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