Gene gain and loss during evolution of obligate parasitism in the white rust pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Biotrophic eukaryotic plant pathogens require a living host for their growth and form an intimate haustorial interface with parasitized cells. Evolution to biotrophy occurred independently in fungal rusts and powdery mildews, and in oomycete white rusts and downy mildews. Biotroph evolution and mole...

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Autores principales:	Eric Kemen, Anastasia Gardiner, Torsten Schultz-Larsen, Ariane C Kemen, Alexi L Balmuth, Alexandre Robert-Seilaniantz, Kate Bailey, Eric Holub, David J Studholme, Dan Maclean, Jonathan D G Jones
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5ac1ce2d1f134a2f83365bcad4be6e31
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5ac1ce2d1f134a2f83365bcad4be6e312021-11-18T05:36:07ZGene gain and loss during evolution of obligate parasitism in the white rust pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana.1544-91731545-788510.1371/journal.pbio.1001094https://doaj.org/article/5ac1ce2d1f134a2f83365bcad4be6e312011-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21750662/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1544-9173https://doaj.org/toc/1545-7885Biotrophic eukaryotic plant pathogens require a living host for their growth and form an intimate haustorial interface with parasitized cells. Evolution to biotrophy occurred independently in fungal rusts and powdery mildews, and in oomycete white rusts and downy mildews. Biotroph evolution and molecular mechanisms of biotrophy are poorly understood. It has been proposed, but not shown, that obligate biotrophy results from (i) reduced selection for maintenance of biosynthetic pathways and (ii) gain of mechanisms to evade host recognition or suppress host defence. Here we use Illumina sequencing to define the genome, transcriptome, and gene models for the obligate biotroph oomycete and Arabidopsis parasite, Albugo laibachii. A. laibachii is a member of the Chromalveolata, which incorporates Heterokonts (containing the oomycetes), Apicomplexa (which includes human parasites like Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii), and four other taxa. From comparisons with other oomycete plant pathogens and other chromalveolates, we reveal independent loss of molybdenum-cofactor-requiring enzymes in downy mildews, white rusts, and the malaria parasite P. falciparum. Biotrophy also requires "effectors" to suppress host defence; we reveal RXLR and Crinkler effectors shared with other oomycetes, and also discover and verify a novel class of effectors, the "CHXCs", by showing effector delivery and effector functionality. Our findings suggest that evolution to progressively more intimate association between host and parasite results in reduced selection for retention of certain biosynthetic pathways, and particularly reduced selection for retention of molybdopterin-requiring biosynthetic pathways. These mechanisms are not only relevant to plant pathogenic oomycetes but also to human pathogens within the Chromalveolata.Eric KemenAnastasia GardinerTorsten Schultz-LarsenAriane C KemenAlexi L BalmuthAlexandre Robert-SeilaniantzKate BaileyEric HolubDavid J StudholmeDan MacleanJonathan D G JonesPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Biology, Vol 9, Iss 7, p e1001094 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Eric Kemen Anastasia Gardiner Torsten Schultz-Larsen Ariane C Kemen Alexi L Balmuth Alexandre Robert-Seilaniantz Kate Bailey Eric Holub David J Studholme Dan Maclean Jonathan D G Jones Gene gain and loss during evolution of obligate parasitism in the white rust pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana.
description	Biotrophic eukaryotic plant pathogens require a living host for their growth and form an intimate haustorial interface with parasitized cells. Evolution to biotrophy occurred independently in fungal rusts and powdery mildews, and in oomycete white rusts and downy mildews. Biotroph evolution and molecular mechanisms of biotrophy are poorly understood. It has been proposed, but not shown, that obligate biotrophy results from (i) reduced selection for maintenance of biosynthetic pathways and (ii) gain of mechanisms to evade host recognition or suppress host defence. Here we use Illumina sequencing to define the genome, transcriptome, and gene models for the obligate biotroph oomycete and Arabidopsis parasite, Albugo laibachii. A. laibachii is a member of the Chromalveolata, which incorporates Heterokonts (containing the oomycetes), Apicomplexa (which includes human parasites like Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii), and four other taxa. From comparisons with other oomycete plant pathogens and other chromalveolates, we reveal independent loss of molybdenum-cofactor-requiring enzymes in downy mildews, white rusts, and the malaria parasite P. falciparum. Biotrophy also requires "effectors" to suppress host defence; we reveal RXLR and Crinkler effectors shared with other oomycetes, and also discover and verify a novel class of effectors, the "CHXCs", by showing effector delivery and effector functionality. Our findings suggest that evolution to progressively more intimate association between host and parasite results in reduced selection for retention of certain biosynthetic pathways, and particularly reduced selection for retention of molybdopterin-requiring biosynthetic pathways. These mechanisms are not only relevant to plant pathogenic oomycetes but also to human pathogens within the Chromalveolata.
format	article
author	Eric Kemen Anastasia Gardiner Torsten Schultz-Larsen Ariane C Kemen Alexi L Balmuth Alexandre Robert-Seilaniantz Kate Bailey Eric Holub David J Studholme Dan Maclean Jonathan D G Jones
author_facet	Eric Kemen Anastasia Gardiner Torsten Schultz-Larsen Ariane C Kemen Alexi L Balmuth Alexandre Robert-Seilaniantz Kate Bailey Eric Holub David J Studholme Dan Maclean Jonathan D G Jones
author_sort	Eric Kemen
title	Gene gain and loss during evolution of obligate parasitism in the white rust pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana.
title_short	Gene gain and loss during evolution of obligate parasitism in the white rust pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana.
title_full	Gene gain and loss during evolution of obligate parasitism in the white rust pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana.
title_fullStr	Gene gain and loss during evolution of obligate parasitism in the white rust pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana.
title_full_unstemmed	Gene gain and loss during evolution of obligate parasitism in the white rust pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana.
title_sort	gene gain and loss during evolution of obligate parasitism in the white rust pathogen of arabidopsis thaliana.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/5ac1ce2d1f134a2f83365bcad4be6e31
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Gene gain and loss during evolution of obligate parasitism in the white rust pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana.

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