Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum

Michal Goetz,1 Jaroslava Paulasova Schwabova,2 Zdenek Hlavka,3 Radek Ptacek,4 Craig BH Surman5 1Department of Child Psychiatry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, 2Department of Neurology, 3Department of Statistics, 4Department of Psychiatry, Charles University, Prague, Czech Re...

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Autores principales:	Goetz M, Schwabova JP, Hlavka Z, Ptacek R, Surman CBH
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2017
Materias:	Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder balance cerebellum reaction time Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5ac8e002be4147929aff5272e475c733
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5ac8e002be4147929aff5272e475c7332021-12-02T02:51:17ZDynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum1178-2021https://doaj.org/article/5ac8e002be4147929aff5272e475c7332017-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/dynamic-balance-in-children-with-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disor-peer-reviewed-article-NDThttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2021Michal Goetz,1 Jaroslava Paulasova Schwabova,2 Zdenek Hlavka,3 Radek Ptacek,4 Craig BH Surman5 1Department of Child Psychiatry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, 2Department of Neurology, 3Department of Statistics, 4Department of Psychiatry, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; 5Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to the presence of motor deficiencies, including balance deficits. The cerebellum serves as an integrative structure for balance control and is also involved in cognition, including timing and anticipatory regulation. Cerebellar development may be delayed in children and adolescents with ADHD, and inconsistent reaction time is commonly seen in ADHD. We hypothesized that dynamic balance deficits would be present in children with ADHD and they would correlate with attention and cerebellar functions. Methods: Sixty-two children with ADHD and no other neurological conditions and 62 typically developing (TD) children were examined with five trials of the Phyaction Balance Board, an electronic balancing platform. Cerebellar clinical symptoms were evaluated using an international ataxia rating scale. Conners’ Continuous Performance Test was used to evaluate patterns of reaction. Results: Children with ADHD had poorer performance on balancing tasks, compared to TD children (P<0.001). They exhibited significantly greater sway amplitudes than TD children (P<0.001) in all of the five balancing trials. The effect size of the difference between the groups increased continuously from the first to the last trial. Balance score in both groups was related to the variation in the reaction time, including reaction time standard error (r =0.25; P=0.0409, respectively, r =0.31; P=0.0131) and Variability of Standard Error (r =0.28; P=0.0252, respectively, r =0.41; P<0.001). The burden of cerebellar symptoms was strongly related to balance performance in both groups (r =0.50, P<0.001; r =0.49, P=0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that ADHD may be associated with poor dynamic balance control. Furthermore, we showed that maintaining balance correlates with neuropsychological measures of consistency of reaction time. Balance deficits and impaired cognitive functioning could reflect a common cerebellar dysfunction in ADHD children. Keywords: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, balance, cerebellum, reaction timeGoetz MSchwabova JPHlavka ZPtacek RSurman CBHDove Medical PressarticleKeywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorderbalancecerebellumreaction timeNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571Neurology. Diseases of the nervous systemRC346-429ENNeuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Vol Volume 13, Pp 873-880 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder balance cerebellum reaction time Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
spellingShingle	Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder balance cerebellum reaction time Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429 Goetz M Schwabova JP Hlavka Z Ptacek R Surman CBH Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
description	Michal Goetz,1 Jaroslava Paulasova Schwabova,2 Zdenek Hlavka,3 Radek Ptacek,4 Craig BH Surman5 1Department of Child Psychiatry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, 2Department of Neurology, 3Department of Statistics, 4Department of Psychiatry, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; 5Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to the presence of motor deficiencies, including balance deficits. The cerebellum serves as an integrative structure for balance control and is also involved in cognition, including timing and anticipatory regulation. Cerebellar development may be delayed in children and adolescents with ADHD, and inconsistent reaction time is commonly seen in ADHD. We hypothesized that dynamic balance deficits would be present in children with ADHD and they would correlate with attention and cerebellar functions. Methods: Sixty-two children with ADHD and no other neurological conditions and 62 typically developing (TD) children were examined with five trials of the Phyaction Balance Board, an electronic balancing platform. Cerebellar clinical symptoms were evaluated using an international ataxia rating scale. Conners’ Continuous Performance Test was used to evaluate patterns of reaction. Results: Children with ADHD had poorer performance on balancing tasks, compared to TD children (P<0.001). They exhibited significantly greater sway amplitudes than TD children (P<0.001) in all of the five balancing trials. The effect size of the difference between the groups increased continuously from the first to the last trial. Balance score in both groups was related to the variation in the reaction time, including reaction time standard error (r =0.25; P=0.0409, respectively, r =0.31; P=0.0131) and Variability of Standard Error (r =0.28; P=0.0252, respectively, r =0.41; P<0.001). The burden of cerebellar symptoms was strongly related to balance performance in both groups (r =0.50, P<0.001; r =0.49, P=0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that ADHD may be associated with poor dynamic balance control. Furthermore, we showed that maintaining balance correlates with neuropsychological measures of consistency of reaction time. Balance deficits and impaired cognitive functioning could reflect a common cerebellar dysfunction in ADHD children. Keywords: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, balance, cerebellum, reaction time
format	article
author	Goetz M Schwabova JP Hlavka Z Ptacek R Surman CBH
author_facet	Goetz M Schwabova JP Hlavka Z Ptacek R Surman CBH
author_sort	Goetz M
title	Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
title_short	Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
title_full	Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
title_fullStr	Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
title_full_unstemmed	Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
title_sort	dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/5ac8e002be4147929aff5272e475c733
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Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum

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