Influence of Virtual Reality Devices on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cystoscopy Performed under Local Anaesthesia

Background: Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies. Its diagnosis is based on transurethral cystoscopy. Virtual reality (VR) is a three-dimensional world generated through the projection of images, the emission of sounds and other stimuli. VR has been proven to be a very effective “di...

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Autores principales:	Mateusz Łuczak, Łukasz Nowak, Joanna Chorbińska, Katarzyna Galik, Paweł Kiełb, Jan Łaszkiewicz, Andrzej Tukiendorf, Katarzyna Kościelska-Kasprzak, Bartosz Małkiewicz, Romuald Zdrojowy, Tomasz Szydełko, Wojciech Krajewski
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	virtual reality cystoscopy bladder cancer pain fear Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5b3055d4e24144f1bc0b94d0610e3111
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5b3055d4e24144f1bc0b94d0610e31112021-11-25T18:08:03ZInfluence of Virtual Reality Devices on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cystoscopy Performed under Local Anaesthesia10.3390/jpm111112142075-4426https://doaj.org/article/5b3055d4e24144f1bc0b94d0610e31112021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/11/1214https://doaj.org/toc/2075-4426Background: Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies. Its diagnosis is based on transurethral cystoscopy. Virtual reality (VR) is a three-dimensional world generated through the projection of images, the emission of sounds and other stimuli. VR has been proven to be a very effective “distractor” and, thus, a useful tool in managing pain. The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of VR sets is technically feasible during the cystoscopy and whether the use of VR devices would reduce the degree of ailments associated with the procedure; Methods: The study prospectively included both men and women who qualified for rigid cystoscopy due to both primary and follow-up diagnostics. The study group underwent rigid cystoscopy with the VR set and the control group underwent the procedure without the VR set. Patients enrolled in both groups were subjected to blood pressure, heart rate and saturation measurements before, during and after the procedure. Additionally, the patients were asked to describe the severity of fear, pain sensations and nausea associated with the procedure. Non-verbal pain manifestations were assessed using the adult adjusted Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scale; Results: The study population included 103 patients (74M/29F; mean age 64.4 years). Pain intensity differed significantly between the groups, reaching lower values in the VR group. In all analyzed subgroups the use of the VR set was associated with higher levels of nausea. The mean FLACC score reached higher values for patients without the VR set. Blood pressure as well as heart rate increased during the procedure and decreased afterwards. The increase in systolic blood pressure and pulse rate was statistically higher in the control group; Conclusions: This study confirmed that cystoscopy is associated with considerable preprocedural fear and severe pain. Blood pressure and heart rate rise significantly during the cystoscopy. VR sets can lower pain perception during cystoscopy, but they may cause moderate nausea.Mateusz ŁuczakŁukasz NowakJoanna ChorbińskaKatarzyna GalikPaweł KiełbJan ŁaszkiewiczAndrzej TukiendorfKatarzyna Kościelska-KasprzakBartosz MałkiewiczRomuald ZdrojowyTomasz SzydełkoWojciech KrajewskiMDPI AGarticlevirtual realitycystoscopybladder cancerpainfearMedicineRENJournal of Personalized Medicine, Vol 11, Iss 1214, p 1214 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	virtual reality cystoscopy bladder cancer pain fear Medicine R
spellingShingle	virtual reality cystoscopy bladder cancer pain fear Medicine R Mateusz Łuczak Łukasz Nowak Joanna Chorbińska Katarzyna Galik Paweł Kiełb Jan Łaszkiewicz Andrzej Tukiendorf Katarzyna Kościelska-Kasprzak Bartosz Małkiewicz Romuald Zdrojowy Tomasz Szydełko Wojciech Krajewski Influence of Virtual Reality Devices on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cystoscopy Performed under Local Anaesthesia
description	Background: Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies. Its diagnosis is based on transurethral cystoscopy. Virtual reality (VR) is a three-dimensional world generated through the projection of images, the emission of sounds and other stimuli. VR has been proven to be a very effective “distractor” and, thus, a useful tool in managing pain. The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of VR sets is technically feasible during the cystoscopy and whether the use of VR devices would reduce the degree of ailments associated with the procedure; Methods: The study prospectively included both men and women who qualified for rigid cystoscopy due to both primary and follow-up diagnostics. The study group underwent rigid cystoscopy with the VR set and the control group underwent the procedure without the VR set. Patients enrolled in both groups were subjected to blood pressure, heart rate and saturation measurements before, during and after the procedure. Additionally, the patients were asked to describe the severity of fear, pain sensations and nausea associated with the procedure. Non-verbal pain manifestations were assessed using the adult adjusted Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scale; Results: The study population included 103 patients (74M/29F; mean age 64.4 years). Pain intensity differed significantly between the groups, reaching lower values in the VR group. In all analyzed subgroups the use of the VR set was associated with higher levels of nausea. The mean FLACC score reached higher values for patients without the VR set. Blood pressure as well as heart rate increased during the procedure and decreased afterwards. The increase in systolic blood pressure and pulse rate was statistically higher in the control group; Conclusions: This study confirmed that cystoscopy is associated with considerable preprocedural fear and severe pain. Blood pressure and heart rate rise significantly during the cystoscopy. VR sets can lower pain perception during cystoscopy, but they may cause moderate nausea.
format	article
author	Mateusz Łuczak Łukasz Nowak Joanna Chorbińska Katarzyna Galik Paweł Kiełb Jan Łaszkiewicz Andrzej Tukiendorf Katarzyna Kościelska-Kasprzak Bartosz Małkiewicz Romuald Zdrojowy Tomasz Szydełko Wojciech Krajewski
author_facet	Mateusz Łuczak Łukasz Nowak Joanna Chorbińska Katarzyna Galik Paweł Kiełb Jan Łaszkiewicz Andrzej Tukiendorf Katarzyna Kościelska-Kasprzak Bartosz Małkiewicz Romuald Zdrojowy Tomasz Szydełko Wojciech Krajewski
author_sort	Mateusz Łuczak
title	Influence of Virtual Reality Devices on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cystoscopy Performed under Local Anaesthesia
title_short	Influence of Virtual Reality Devices on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cystoscopy Performed under Local Anaesthesia
title_full	Influence of Virtual Reality Devices on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cystoscopy Performed under Local Anaesthesia
title_fullStr	Influence of Virtual Reality Devices on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cystoscopy Performed under Local Anaesthesia
title_full_unstemmed	Influence of Virtual Reality Devices on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cystoscopy Performed under Local Anaesthesia
title_sort	influence of virtual reality devices on pain and anxiety in patients undergoing cystoscopy performed under local anaesthesia
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5b3055d4e24144f1bc0b94d0610e3111
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Influence of Virtual Reality Devices on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cystoscopy Performed under Local Anaesthesia

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